EarthStation1 MediaOutlet News: Today's 15% Off Specials & #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Titles At EarthStation1.com!

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Abbott And Costello Old Time Radio MP3 Collection DVD, Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13: National Peanut Day: -- The day to celebrate the incredible small groundnut! Peanuts, which are grown underground, have a long history, originating in South America over 3,500 years ago. Eaten alone or mixed with butter, peanuts are used in virtually everything including soups and ice cream. Don't even get us started on PB & J sandwiches! Did you know that peanuts have almost zero cholesterol? That's just one of many reasons why peanuts are such a popular ingredient, snack and superfood! So grab a handful, salted or not, and savor the flavor of our national goober. These small, crunchy snacks come in many varieties, from boiled to roasted, are packed with protein, and have been enjoyed for centuries. While it has the word "nut" in its name, the peanut is actually not a nut at all but is technically a legume, closely related to beans or seeds. Peanuts grow underground and probably originated in South America around 1500 BC. They made their way around the world and became very popular in North America some time around the 1700s, but weren't grown commercially for quite a few more years. After PT Barnum's circus began selling hot roasted peanuts, the snack grew in popularity. They even became popular at baseball games, a distinctly American pastime. Then, in 1904, peanut butter was introduced at the St. Louis World's Fair. Today, peanut farms in the United States are valued at more than $1 billion, making this a very lucrative business. Peanut butter accounts for around half of this business, while snack nuts and confections made with peanuts bring in the other half. https://store.earthstation1.com/abbott-and-costello-old-time-radio-mp3-dv3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV Toy Commercials: The Classics 1950s-60s DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13: International Chocolate Day: -- Celebrate with us as we give you some cool facts and fun ideas to celebrate this well-loved treat. After making its debut about 4,000 years ago, chocolate can now be found everywhere. Whether you're a fan of dark chocolate, white chocolate, or hot chocolate, there's no denying the decadence of this rich delicacy! The history of chocolate can be traced back to 450 B.C., originating from Mesoamerica, present-day Mexico. The word "chocolate" is derived from the Nahuatl word, "chocolatl," meaning "hot water" and the Aztec word, "xocoatl," meaning "bitter water." About 4,000 years ago, the Olmecs began refining cocoa beans into chocolate, which they used as medicine and as part of customary rituals. Centuries later, chocolate was assimilated into the Mayan culture as a beverage and for concluding important transactions. Cocoa beans were once perceived as being so valuable that they were used as a currency by the Aztecs, who believed that the beans were a gift from the gods. Its potency was so revered that natives drank it in preparation for war. According to legend, chocolate found its way to Spain in the 16th century through Hernan Cortes, a Spanish explorer who discovered cocoa during his journey to the Americas. From then on, chocolate soon spread to other parts of Europe. The time-consuming process required to produce chocolate made it an expensive treat, which was restricted to the upper class. In 1828, however, the chocolate press was invented by a Dutch chemist called van Houten, eliminating the problem. The machine was able to squeeze roasted cocoa beans in order to obtain the fine cocoa powder used to make chocolate. This not only made chocolate more accessible to the common man, but also mass production possible. In the 20th century, chocolate is still being enjoyed all over the world, in a wide variety of exciting flavors and formulas. Cocoa is now grown and exported from over fifty countries, at over 4.7 million tons a year. https://store.earthstation1.com/tv-toy-commercials-the-classics-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: American Business Films Of The 20th Century MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13: National Hug Your Boss Day: -- Celebrated in appreciation of the role of managers and employers in our work life and to promote workplace relationships. Did you know that National Hug Your Boss Day was first observed in 2008, only 14 years ago? A boss is an employer or an individual in a supervisory role who is tasked with important responsibilities within a company. Supervisors, foremen, administrators, overseers, and heads of teams or groups are all examples of bosses. National Hug Your Boss Day is an initiative by TipTopJob.com to contribute to workplace relationships, improve productivity and morale, and keep everyone motivated to deliver on their responsibilities. Work is an activity that predates human civilization and is inextricably linked to human evolution. According to scholars, work developed out of the need to fulfill humans' most basic needs - food, child care, and shelter. As some individuals exhibited mastery of specific tasks, division of labor became more prominent. By around 10,000 years ago, the first fixed agrarian settlements had developed. With the concept of land ownership came human hierarchies and differentiation between people that were working and those that weren't. In ancient Rome, work became based on people's status in society. Enslaved people handled most of the physical labor, while citizens carried out physical activities, such as commercial, art, and warfare. The growth of Christianity in Europe led to the development of organizations. Monasteries were the first modern organizations, as they possessed some of today's organizational elements, such as integrated management and production systems. Banking, credit, and trade, on the other hand, were considered devilish by the Church. This stigma was gradually dispelled with the Protestant Reformation in the 1500s. Between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, there was an increase in organized labor (guilds), craft, arts and science, trade, and banking. Some of the tools we use today can be traced back to this period. The advent of the Industrial Revolution led to a change and brought an end to forced labor. While much hasn't changed in the workplace, we are seeing rapid adoption of new work models, including remote and hybrid models. In addition, there is widespread development of self-entrepreneurship and self-expression as well as the establishment of the knowledge worker movement. In 2008, TipTopJob.com founded National Hug Your Boss Day to promote better workplace relationships between bosses and their employees. https://store.earthstation1.com/american-business-films-1910s1960s-3-dual-laye191019603.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV Commercials: The Cable Age Classics Vol. 4 MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13: Bald Is Beautiful Day: -- A U.S. celebration, but we think the day should be celebrated the world over! Baldness is often a reason for anxiety and embarrassment among many. However, it is nothing to be embarrassed about! Baldness is as much a natural phenomenon as is having hair. National Bald Is Beautiful Day is a gentle reminder that we are all beautiful the way we are - bald or not. This is the day to tell your bald friends that they are beautiful. The celebrations are all about spreading cheer. Baldness used to have very negative connotations, and bald men and women were ashamed. No more! Celebrations like Bald Is Beautiful Day are a reminder that being bald is not a shortcoming. In fact, baldness can be freeing and even a powerful statement against vanity. Think about all the advantages of being bald - no hair grooming products, no time wasted in combing and washing hair, and never a bad hair day. Baldness can often be hereditary, especially in men. Male pattern baldness, hair fall, hair thinning, and receding hairlines are common afflictions. Sometimes aging can aggravate these conditions and lead to rapid hair loss and balding. This is not to say that women are immune to balding - hair fall and thinning afflict women too. Be it due to stress, health conditions, genetics, or just environmental stressors, the reasons for hair fall and balding can be many. They can be prevented or stopped with medical intervention. But sometimes, there's no choice but to accept one's baldness. However, for many, baldness can be a voluntary decision. Some decide to shed off their hair to prevent hair loss or while going through rigorous medical treatments. The rest might decide to go bald to make a fashion statement. A newly shorn scalp is sensitive to heat and cold and must be taken care of properly. Whatever the reason, bald truly is beautiful! So on National Bald Is Beautiful Day be proud to embrace your baldness. https://store.earthstation1.com/tv-commercials-the-cable-age-classics-vol-4-mp4-video-download-d44.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Remember When: It'll Never Fly w/ Dick Cavett Inventions DVD, MP4, USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13: Positive Thinking Day: -- Highlights the rewards of positive thinking. Positive Thinking Day is all about thinking positive thoughts. It's easy to be pessimistic and cynical about things - which is not entirely bad because it prepares you for the worst. However, too much negativity can have an adverse impact on our emotional well-being. Research says that you can prolong your life with happiness and optimism. So, on Positive Thinking Day, and other days too, train yourself to see the bright side in every situation and keep a positive attitude always. Positive Thinking Day was first celebrated in 2003. An American entrepreneur came up with the idea of dedicating a day to positivity and positive thinking. The only goal of the day is to have a positive attitude at all times. Positive thinking reaps a lot of benefits. Studies show that positive thinking is not just good for our emotional well-being, but also our mental health. It has the power to reduce the risk of heart diseases, and alleviate stress and anxiety. Studies have also shown that positive thinking can increase a person's life span and keep them healthy for a longer period. In fact, positive thinking is so crucial to your body, that it can help build immunity and resistance towards minor illnesses such as the common cold. There are several different techniques and approaches that you can use to try and be more of a positive thinker. One of the best ways to start thinking positively is by catching your thoughts and reframing them. If you find yourself having a negative reaction to a situation, try to change your perspective. Try to identify the reasons why you feel negatively towards the situation, and if you can, try to pick the positive outcomes of the same situation. Talking to a friend who is going through something similar, or simply thinking out loud can help you find the positive in any situation. Remember, the positives don't have to be huge, monumental wins- just simple, small wins that uplift and encourage you. A lot of small wins throughout the day will result in a positive attitude. https://store.earthstation1.com/remember-when-it39ll-never-fly-dvd-technology-history-dick-cave39.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Old Time Radio Horror & Suspense MP3 MegaSet DVD, Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13: National Defy Superstition Day: -- The 13th of the month is a significant number, and it's the day when many people are defying superstitions around the world. The etymology of 'superstition' is from the Latin word 'superstitio,' which means "to stand over or above." It describes the belief in or practice of events or processes that are not explained by science or reason. There are superstitious beliefs held in every culture. You might be surprised to learn that these superstitions may have started with very logical reasoning and, over time, got blown out of proportion. Superstitions are beliefs that have no factual support but many people still choose to follow them. While some believe that following superstitions can bring them good luck, others follow these traditions because they are afraid of what might happen if they don't. Because of this fear, superstition has been a part of human history for centuries. The history of superstition is a complex and fascinating one. While many superstitions are harmless, they can also lead to discrimination, prejudice, and even violence. This is especially true when they're combined with religious beliefs. The links between religion and superstition are too numerous to mention here. One example is that people blamed witches for causing storms, diseases, and other natural disasters during the Middle Ages. Another example is that in the 19th Century, scientists thought evolution threatened Christianity. As a result, some people avoided scientific research because they feared it would contradict their religious beliefs. On October 20, 1925, Walter Davenport's article was published in The Christian Science Monitor. Davenport says that superstitions are like "foolish fears" because they make people think they are doing something wrong when they are not. He then explains where some superstitions come from: "the stories of witches and howling wolves may be traced back to men's fears of unknown dangers lurking in the dark places - fears which were perhaps heightened by the fact that there were indeed wolves roaming about Europe at one time." The origins of this day are not entirely clear. Some sources say that the originator was Tom Fernsler, a professor at the University of Delaware. He first observed it in 1987 and encouraged people to defy superstitions all day long, especially those related to the number 13. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-old-time-radio-horror-and-suspense-megaset-dual-layer-mp3-dv3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: At The Crossroads Jews In Eastern Europe Post 1989 Revolutions MP4 DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13: European Heritage Days: -- The Day Of The Open Monument: -- European Heritage Days are celebrated all over the Continent in order to mark European unity, to share stories of common values and to ensure that the past isn't forgotten. In Berlin, these special days are celebrated in September, where the The Day Of The Open Monument is celebrated on September 13. The goal of this day is to encourage Europeans to take an interest in their heritage and to undertake initiatives to preserve historical monuments. Use European Heritage Days to learn more about all the interesting countries and people in Europe! https://store.earthstation1.com/at-the-crossroads-jews-in-eastern-europe-post-1989-revolutions-mp19894.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Propaganda Posters JPG Photo + MPG Video DVD-ROM Download
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13: Uncle Sam Day: -- The day that annually commemorates the man behind the iconic image and fascinating nickname for the United States government, who was born on September 13, 1766. Samuel Wilson, a meatpacker from New York (September 13, 1766 - July 31, 1854), supplied barrels of meat to soldiers during The War Of 1812. To identify the meat for shipment, Wilson prominently stamped "U.S." on the barrels. It wasn't long before the soldiers dubbed the grub a delivery from Uncle Sam. As such nicknames tend to do, its popularity spread. The first illustration of Uncle Sam is unlike the one we know now. Published by Harper's Weekly in 1861, the young government representative (a starred bandana on his head and wearing a striped vest) is depicted dividing up Virginia like a butcher. Through the years, the image of Uncle Sam would take many forms. Credit is given to German-born illustrator and cartoonist Thomas Nast for developing the long-legged Uncle Sam familiar to us. With the starred top hat and striped pants, the Uncle Sam debut in Harper's Weekly, also. He took on many issues with Nast as his illustrator. Some of the issues topics included Boss Tweed, Union recruitment, and Reconstruction. During the modern era, Uncle Sam obtained some color. The United States Army awarded Montgomery Flagg with the artwork for the familiar portrait used in the "I Want You For The U.S. Army" campaign during World War I. It first appeared on the cover of Leslie's Weekly, an illustrated literary and news magazine. To observe Uncle Sam Day: Explore the history behind Sam Wilson, The War Of 1812 and Uncle Sam's use throughout history. Discover other symbols of the United States. Use #UncleSamDay to post on social media. President George H. W. Bush proclaimed Uncle Sam Day to be September 13, 1989, in honor of the anniversary of the birth of Samuel Wilson. It coincided with the bicentennial celebration of the City of Troy, New York, where Wilson lived and worked. The City of Troy requested the designation of the President. On September 7, 1961, through concurrent resolutions, Congress officially named Uncle Sam as a permanent symbol of American strength and idealism. https://store.earthstation1.com/propaganda-posters-cd-jpg-images.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Mongol Hordes: Storm From The East TV Series DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1229: The Mongols: The Mongol Empire: The Royal House Of Borjigin: Royal Accessions: Successions To The Throne Of The Mongol Empire: -- Ogedei Khan (1185 - December 11, 1241) is proclaimed Khagan (Great Khan, equal to emperor status) of the Mongol Empire in Kodoe Aral, Khentii: Mongolia. He was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, succeeding his father. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the Mongol invasions of Europe and East Asia. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in China, Iran, and Central Asia. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-mongol-hordes-storm-from-the-east-tv-series-dvd-mp4-usb-driv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: British Public Information & Propaganda Films DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1782: The Age Of Enlightenment (The Enlightenment, The Age Of Reason): The Age Of Revolution: The Atlantic Revolutions: The American Enlightenment: The American Revolution: The American Revolutionary War: The Great Siege Of Gibraltar (June 24, 1779 - February 7, 1783): -- During the largest battle of The American Revolutionary War by number of combatants, and the longest siege endured by the British Armed Forces at three years, seven months and twelve days in duration, Spanish and French forces launch their "Grand Assault" to capture Gibraltar after a lull in the siege. After the Spanish consistently failed to either defeat the garrison or prevent the arrival of relief efforts, the besiegers were reinforced by French forces under de Crillon, who took over command in early 1782. The Franco-Spanish besiegers had gathered more guns, ships, and troops in huge numbers - - 60,000 men, 49 ships of the line and 10 specially designed, newly invented floating batteries -- against the 5,000 defenders. The assault proved to be a disastrous and humiliating failure, resulting in heavy losses for the Bourbon attackers. This was the largest action fought during the war in terms of numbers. The Great Siege Of Gibraltar was a hard-fought but unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British during the American Revolutionary War. On June 16, 1779, Spain entered The American Revolutionary War as a co-belligerent on the side of both France and The United States in order to take back from the British their base at Gibraltar at the southern tip of the Spanish Iberian Peninsula on the Bay of Gibraltar. The vulnerable Gibraltar garrison under George Augustus Eliott was blockaded from June 1779 to February 1783, initially by the Spanish alone, led by Martin Alvarez de Sotomayor. The blockade proved to be a failure because two relief convoys entered unmolested -- the first under Admiral George Rodney in 1780 and the second under Admiral George Darby in 1781 -- despite the presence of the Spanish fleets. The same year, a major assault was planned by the Spanish, but the Gibraltar garrison sortied in November and destroyed much of the forward batteries. The final sign of defeat for the allies came when a crucial British relief convoy under Admiral Richard Howe slipped through the blockading fleet and arrived at the garrison in October 1782. The siege was finally lifted on February 7, 1783 and resulted in a decisive victory for the British. The siege was a factor in ending the American Revolutionary War - the Peace Of Paris negotiations were reliant on news from the siege, particularly at its climax. https://store.earthstation1.com/british-public-information-and-propaganda-films-dual-layer-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The American Adventure: TV History Series 1607-1876 DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1814: The Anglo-French Wars (1109-1815): The Second Hundred Years' War (1689-1815): The United States And The French Revolutionary And Napoleonic Wars: The Sixty Years' War (French: Guerre De Soixante Ans) (1754-1815): The American Indian Wars (The American Frontier Wars, The Indian Wars): The War Of 1812: The Battle Of Baltimore: -- In a turning point in The War Of 1812, the British fail to capture Baltimore in a battle that ultimately resulted in the U.S. National Anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". The Battle Of Baltimore (September 12-15, 1814) was a sea/land battle fought between British invaders and American defenders. American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British forces. The British and Americans first met at North Point. Though the Americans retreated, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted heavy casualties on the British, halted their advance and allowed the defenders at Baltimore to properly prepare for an attack. During the battle, Francis Scott Key composed his poem "Defence Of Fort McHenry". He watched the British attack overnight and at dawn saw the American flag still flying over the fort, inspiring him to write the verses which were later coupled with the tune of a popular drinking song and became "The Star-Spangled Banner", the National Anthem of The United States, in 1931. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-american-adventure-series-us-1st-century-4-dv14.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: George B. McClellan American Civil War General MP4 Download Or DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1862: The American Civil War (The Civil War, The War Between The States): The Eastern Theater Of The American Civil War: The Maryland Campaign (The Antietam Campaign): The Battle Of Antietam (The Battle Of Sharpsburg): -- Union soldiers find a copy of Robert E. Lee's battle plans in a field outside Frederick, Maryland which precipitates The Battle Of Antietam on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek, the first field army-level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War to take place on Union soil, and is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing. McClellan halted Lee's invasion of Maryland, but Lee was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan. McClellan's refusal to pursue Lee's army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November. Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, the Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield, making it a Union strategic victory. It was a sufficiently significant victory to give Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, which discouraged the British and French governments from pursuing any potential plans to recognize the Confederacy. https://store.earthstation1.com/george-b-mcclellan-american-civil-war-general-mp4-download-or-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: World War I: The War Years Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1914: The European Civil War: World War I: The First European War (The European Theater Of World War I): The Guns Of August: The Western Front Of World War I: The Advance To The Aisne: The First Battle Of The Aisne (French: 1re Bataille De l'Aisne): -- As The German First Army (led by Alexander Von Kluck) and The Second Army (led by Karl Von Bulow) retreat from their defeat at The First Battle Of The Marne, The Allies begin a follow-up offensive against the German right wing. The Advance To The Aisne (September 6 - October 1, 1914) consisted of the Battle Of The Marne (September 7-10, 1914) and the Battle Of The Aisne (September 12-15, 1914 ). When the Germans turned to face the pursuing Allies on September 13, they held one of the most formidable positions on the Western Front. Between Compiegne and Berry-au-Bac, the Aisne River winds westward and is about 100 feet (30 m) wide, ranging from 12-15 feet (3.7-4.6 m) deep. Low-lying ground extends a 1-mile (1.6 km) on each side, rising abruptly to a line of steep cliffs 300-400 feet (91-122 m) high, then gently levelling to a plateau. The Germans settled on the higher northern side 2 miles (3.2 km) beyond the crest, behind a dense thicket that covered the front and slope. Low crops in the unfenced countryside offered no natural concealment to the Allies. Deep, narrow paths cut into the escarpment at right angles, exposing any infiltrators to extreme hazard. The forces on the northern plateau commanded a wide field of fire. In dense fog on the night of September 13, most of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) crossed the Aisne on pontoons or partially demolished bridges, landing at Bourg-et-Comin on the right and at Venizel on the left. At Chivres-Val east of Venizel, there was an escarpment the Germans had selected as their strongest position. The French Fifth Army crossed the Aisne at Berry-au-Bac and captured the eastern tip of Chemin des Dames, a steep ridge named after the royal coach road Louis XV had built for his daughters. Contact was established along the entire front. East of Chemin des Dames, the French Fourth, Fifth and Ninth armies made only negligible progress beyond the positions they had reached on September 13. Under the thick cover of the foggy night, the BEF advanced up the narrow paths to the plateau. When the mist evaporated under a bright morning sun, they were mercilessly raked by fire from the flank. Those caught in the valley without the fog's protective shroud fared no better. It soon became clear that neither side could budge the other and since neither chose to retreat, the impasse hardened into stalemate, that would lock the antagonists into a relatively narrow strip for the next four years. On September 14, Sir John French ordered the entire BEF to entrench, but few entrenching tools were available. Soldiers scouted nearby farms and villages for pickaxes, spades and other implements. Without training for stationary warfare, the troops merely dug shallow pits in the soil. These were at first intended only to afford cover against enemy observation and artillery fire. Soon the trenches were deepened to about seven feet. Other protective measures included camouflage and holes cut into trench walls then braced with timber. Trench warfare was also new for the Germans, whose training and equipment were designed for a mobile war to be won in six weeks, but they quickly adapted their weapons to the new situation. Siege howitzers now lobbed massive shells into the Allied trenches. Skilful use of trench mortars and hand and rifle grenades (first used against British troops on September 27), enabled the Germans to inflict great losses upon Allied troops, who had neither been trained nor equipped with these weapons. Searchlights, flares and periscopes were also part of the German equipment intended for other purposes, but put to use in the trenches. A shortage of heavy weapons handicapped the British. Only their 60-pounders (four guns to a division) were powerful enough to shell enemy gun emplacements from the Aisne's south shore, and these guns were inferior to German artillery in calibre, range and numbers. Four artillery battery of 6-inch (150 mm) guns (a total of sixteen), were rushed from England. Although a poor match against the German 8-inch (200 mm) howitzers, they helped somewhat. Defensive firepower was limited to rifles and two machine guns allotted to each battalion. The British regulars were excellent marksmen but even their combined accuracy was no match for the German machine guns and grenades. British aircraft were used to report troop movements, although few were equipped with wireless. Aviators were able to recognise the advantage of observing artillery fire. On September 24, Lieutenants B.T. James and D.S. Lewis detected three well-concealed enemy gun batteries that were inflicting considerable damage on British positions. They radioed back the location of the batteries, then droned in a wide circle, waiting to spot their own gunners' exploding shells. Anti-aircraft fire was desultory and inaccurate. The German Army used only percussion shells, which, according to Canadian sources, "not one in several hundred ever hit its aerial target, and fell to earth frequently at some point in the British lines and there burst." For a three-week period following the unexpected development of trench warfare, both sides gave up frontal assaults and began trying to envelop each other's northern flank. The period is called "The Race To The Sea". As the Germans aimed for the Allied left flank, the Allies sought the German right wing. The western front thus became a continuous trench system of more than 400 miles (640 km). From the Belgian channel town of Nieuwpoort, the trench lines ran southward for many miles, turning southeast at Noyon, continuing past Reims, Verdun, Saint-Mihiel and Nancy; then cutting south again to the northern Swiss border twenty miles (32 km) east of Belfort. https://store.earthstation1.com/world-war-i-the-war-years-dvd-4-part-french-tv-serie4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Battle Of Guadalcanal DVD MP4 Download USB Flash Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 12-14, 1942: World War II: The Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Asiatic-Pacific Theater, The Pacific Theater Of World War II): The Pacific Ocean Theater Of World War II: The South West Pacific Area (SWPA): Operation Cartwheel: The Solomon Islands Campaign: The Battle Of Guadalcanal (The Guadalcanal Campaign, Operation Watchtower): The Battle Of Edson's Ridge: (The Battle Of The Bloody Ridge, The Battle Of Raiders Ridge, The Battle Of The Ridge) (September 12-14, 1942): -- U.S. Marines successfully defeated attacks by the Imperial Japanese Army with heavy losses for the Japanese forces on the second day of one of the most extraordinary and hellacious battles of the Second World War. The Battle Of Edson's Ridge, also known as the Battle of the Bloody Ridge, Battle of Raiders Ridge, and Battle of the Ridge, during the Guadalcanal Campaign. The Battle Of Edson's Ridge was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Imperial Japanese Army and Allied (mainly United States Marine Corps) ground forces. It took place from 12-14 September 1942, on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, and was the second of three separate major Japanese ground offensives during the Guadalcanal Campaign. In the battle, U.S. Marines, under the overall command of U.S. Major General Alexander Vandegrift, repulsed an attack by the Japanese 35th Infantry Brigade, under the command of Japanese Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi. The Marines were defending the Lunga perimeter that guarded Henderson Field on Guadalcanal, which was captured from the Japanese by the Allies in landings on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942. Kawaguchi's unit was sent to Guadalcanal in response to the Allied landings with the mission of recapturing the airfield and driving the Allied forces from the island. Underestimating the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal-about 12,000-Kawaguchi's 6,000 soldiers conducted several nighttime frontal assaults on the U.S. defenses. The main Japanese assault occurred around Lunga ridge south of Henderson Field, manned by troops from several U.S. Marine Corps units, primarily troops from the 1st Raider and 1st Parachute Battalions under U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edson. Although the Marine defenses were almost overrun, Kawaguchi's attack was ultimately defeated, with heavy losses for the Japanese. Because of the key participation by Edson's unit in defending the ridge, the ridge was commonly referred to as "Edson's" ridge in historical accounts of the battle in Western sources. After Edson's Ridge, the Japanese continued to send troops to Guadalcanal for further attempts to retake Henderson Field, affecting Japanese offensive operations in other areas of the South Pacific. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-battle-of-guadalcanal-dvd-mp4-download-usb-flash-driv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: That Rhythm, Those Blues + Bonus The Death Of R & B? MP4 Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1922: #BOTD: #HBD! Charles Brown, African American blues singer and pianist who performed and recorded the first hit race record, and whose soft-toned, slow-paced blues-club style influenced blues performance in the 1940s and 1950s (d. January 21, 1999) is #born Tony Russell Brown in Texas City, Texas. Charles Brown had seven Top 10 hits in the U.S. Billboard R & B chart between 1949 and 1952, and he had two best-selling recordings, "Driftin' Blues", considered to be the first hit race record hit, and "Merry Christmas Baby". Charles Brown died of congestive heart failure in 1999 in Oakland, California at the age of 76, and was interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery, in Inglewood, California. https://store.earthstation1.com/that-rhythm-those-blues-dvd-american-black-rampb-music-history.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Hollywood (1980) Silent Movie History Series DVD, Video Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1898: Great Inventions: Great Inventions: Photography: The History Of Photography: Photographic Film Photography: Celluloid Film: Photographic Celluloid Film: -- Hannibal Goodwin (April 21, 1822: December 31, 1900), Episcopal priest at The House Of Prayer Episcopal Church And Rectory in Newark, New Jersey, patents celluloid photographic film, a method for making transparent, flexible roll film out of nitrocellulose film base, which was used in Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, one of the earliest machines for viewing motion pictures. English photographer John Carbutt founded the Keystone Dry Plate Works in 1879 with the intention of producing gelatin dry plates. The Celluloid Manufacturing Company was contracted for this work, which was done by thinly slicing layers out of celluloid blocks and then removing the slice marks with heated pressure plates. After this, the celluloid strips were coated with a photosensitive gelatin emulsion. It is not certain exactly how long it took for Carbutt to standardize his process, but it occurred no later than 1888. A 15-inch-wide (380 mm) sheet of Carbutt's film was used by William Dickson for the early Edison motion picture experiments on a cylinder drum Kinetograph. However, the celluloid film base produced by this means was still considered too stiff for the needs of motion-picture photography. By 1889, more flexible celluloids for photographic film were developed, and both Hannibal Goodwin and the Eastman Kodak Company obtained patents for a film product. (Ansco, which purchased Goodwin's patent after he died, was eventually successful in a patent-infringement suit against Kodak). This ability to produce photographic images on a flexible material (as opposed to a glass or metal plate) was a crucial step toward making possible the advent of motion pictures. https://store.earthstation1.com/hollywood-1980-tv-documentary-series-13-shows-4-dual-lay1980134.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Universal Newsreels: The Space Race Films DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1959: Lunar Landings: The History Of Rocketry: The History Of Spaceflight: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The Space Race: The Discovery And Exploration Of The Solar System: Missions To The Moon: Space Probes: Lunar Space Probes: The Soviet Space Program: The Luna Programme (Pejorative: The Lunik Program): Outer Space Firsts: Lunik II (Luna 2): -- The Soviet probe Lunik II becomes the first man-made object to reach The Moon and the first man-made object to land on another celestial body when it crash lands crashes onto the Moon at 21:02:24 UTC east of Mare Imbrium near the craters Aristides, Archimedes, and Autolycus. Luna 2 (E-1A series) was the second of the Soviet Union's Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon. It was launched the day prior on September 12, 1959 atop a R-7 rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome's 1/5 launch site (now named Gagarin's Start site) at 06:39:42 UTC. https://store.earthstation1.com/universal-newsreels-the-space-race-films-dvd-mp4-download-usb-driv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Hoover Vs The Kennedys The Second Civil War TV Series MP4 Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1962: Civil Rights Movements: The American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968): Anti-Black Racism In The United States: School Segregation: School Segregation In The United States: The Ole Miss Riot Of 1962 (September 30 - October 1, 1962) (The Battle Of Oxford): -- The end of the segregationist tactic of massive resistance, the political strategy to prevent public school desegregation in the American South, occurs when the final troop deployment during The Civil Rights Movement is ordered by President Kennedy when he invokes The Insurrection Act Of 1807 and sends The U.S. Army into Mississippi restore order in response to rioting that broke out over the desegregation of The University Of Mississippi. Unaware that the riot he and his brother Bobby tried to prevent in repeated telephone calls to Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett had broken out, President Kennedy gave an Oval Office Address (a speech made from the Oval Office in the White House by the President of the United States to Americans by television and radio) saluting Mississippi's help in registering James Meredith as a student at The University Of Mississippi, while denouncing the burning of churches in Georgia and supporting voter registration drive in the South. Once informed of the riot, Kennedy invoked The Insurrection Act Of 1807 and had U.S. Army units under Brigadier General Charles Billingslea quell the riot. The riot and the federal crackdown were a major turning point in the civil rights movement and resulted in the desegregation of Ole Miss, the first integration of any public educational facility in Mississippi. A statue of James Meredith now commemorates the event on campus, and the site of the riot is designated as a National Historic Landmark. President Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had a series of unproductive telephone negotiations with Barnett in the hopiof to avoiding violence and ensuring Meredith's enrollment. In preparation for another registration attempt, federal law enforcement were dispatched to accompany Meredith to maintain order, but a riot erupted on campus. Partly incited by white supremacist General Edwin Walker, the mob assaulted reporters and federal officers, burned and looted property, and hijacked vehicles. Reporters, U.S. marshals, and the U.S. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach sheltered and were besieged in the Lyceum, the university's administrative building. Into the late morning of October 1, 27 marshals received gunshot wounds, and two civilians, including a French journalist, were murdered. The Ole Miss Riot Of 1962 (The Battle Of Oxford) (September 30 - October 1, 1962). In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Eight years after the Brown decision, every Mississippi school district remained segregated, and all attempts by African American applicants to integrate the University Of Mississippi had failed. In contrast, most other Southern states had already yielded and integrated their institutions of higher learning, with the University Of Arkansas doing so in 1948. Shortly after the 1961 inauguration of President John F. Kennedy, who was elected largely on promises to advance civil rights, African American Air Force veteran James Meredith applied to Ole Miss. Meredith selected Ole Miss as it was a symbol of "white prestige and power" attended by the children of the state's elite. Meredith did not inform the university of his race until midway through the application process. State officials then obstructed and delayed his application for 20 months. In response, Meredith sued the university in late 1961. After months of obstruction by the avowed segregationist justice Benjamin Franklin Cameron of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, Meredith appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. On September 10, 1962, Justice Hugo Black delivered the court's decision: Meredith must be admitted for the fall semester. Mississippi's segregationist Governor Ross Barnett, himself a graduate of Ole Miss, had the Mississippi Legislature pass a law barring the university enrollment of anyone with a charge of "moral turpitude" in state or federal court. Barnett then had Meredith charged and imprisoned for accidentally writing "1960" instead of "1961" while registering to vote; the Fifth Circuit quickly ordered Meredith's release. Under the orders of the president's brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, the Department Of Justice (DOJ) entered the case on Meredith's behalf. Facing contempt charges and jail, the university's board transferred its powers, and liability, to Governor Barnett. Meredith then travelled to the Ole Miss campus in Oxford to register; he was blocked by Barnett, who read and presented a proclamation on states' rights. In a second attempt, Meredith, accompanied by DOJ civil-rights division chief John Doar and Chief U.S. Marshal James McShane, tried to register at the Woolfolk State Office Building in Jackson. He was again physically blocked by Barnett, who issued the rehearsed quip: "Which one is Meredith?". Another attempt to register at Ole Miss was stopped by Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson Jr. and lines of state troopers. This set the stage for The Ole Miss Riot Of 1962 (The Battle Of Oxford) (September 30 - October 1, 1962), a violent disturbance that occurred at the University Of Mississippi, where segregationist rioters sought to prevent the enrollment of Meredith, forcing Presidentto quell the riot by mobilizing over 30,000 troops, the most for a single disturbance in American history. In the wake of the Supreme Court's 1954 decision Brown v. Board of Education, Meredith tried to integrate Ole Miss by applying in 1961. When he informed the university that he was African American, his admission was delayed and obstructed, first by school officials and then by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett. In a bid to block his enrollment, Barnett even had Meredith temporarily jailed. Multiple attempts by Meredith, accompanied by federal officials, to enroll were physically blocked. https://store.earthstation1.com/hoover-vs-the-kennedys-the-second-civil-war-tv-series-mp4-download-dv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Eyes On The Prize II: America At The Racial Crossroads DVD MP4 USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1971: Crime: Crime In The United States: Prisons: Prisons In The United States: African American Civil Rights: The History Of African American Civil Rights: Latin American Civil Rights: The History Of Latin American Civil Rights: Prisoners' Rights: The Prisoner's Rights Movement: Prison Uprisings (Prison Riots): Prison Uprisings In The United States (Prison Riots In The United States): Prison Massacres: Prison Massacres In The United States: The Attica Prison Riot (The Attica Prison Rebellion, The Attica Uprising, The Attica Prison Massacre): -- State police and National Guardsmen stormed Attica prison in New York State ending the five-day prisoners' revolt, resulting in 39 dead, including thirty one prisoners and 11 guards, most killed by state troopers retaking the prison. The Attica Prison riot, also known as the Attica Prison rebellion or Attica Prison uprising, occurred at the Attica Correctional Facility in Attica, New York, United States in 1971. Based upon prisoners' demands for better living conditions and political rights, the riot was one of the most well-known and significant uprisings of the Prisoners' Rights Movement. On September 9, 1971, two weeks after the killing of George Jackson at San Quentin State Prison, about 1,000 of the Attica prison's approximately 2,200 inmates rioted and took control of the prison, taking 42 staff hostage. During the following four days of negotiations, authorities agreed to 28 of the prisoners' demands, but would not agree to demands for complete amnesty from criminal prosecution for the prison takeover or for the removal of Attica's superintendent. By the order of Governor Nelson Rockefeller, state police took back control of the prison. When the uprising was over, at least 43 people were dead, including ten correctional officers and civilian employees, and 33 inmates. Rockefeller, who refused to visit the prisoners during the rebellion, stated that the prisoners "carried out the cold-blood killings they had threatened from the outset," despite only one of the deaths being attributed to the prisoners. New York Times writer Fred Ferretti said the rebellion concluded in "mass deaths that four days of taut negotiations had sought to avert". https://store.earthstation1.com/eyes-on-the-prize-ii-dvd-set-4-discs-complete-2nd-seri42.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Apartheid Documentaries Collection DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1989: South Africa: The History Of South Africa: Segregation: Racial Segregation: Apartheid (Racial Segregation In South Africa): Anti-Apartheid Marches: The Cape Town Peace March: -- In a signal marking beginning of the end of Apartheid, the largest ever anti-Apartheid march, considered the "last illegal march" in South Africa, takes place when 30 000 Capetonians from a diverse cross-section of the city marched in support of peace and the end of apartheid. The event, led by Mayor Gordon Oliver, Archbishop Tutu, Rev Frank Chikane, Moulana Farid Esack, Allan Boesak, and other religious leaders, was held in defiance of the State of Emergency which banned political protests and apartheid laws which enforced racial segregation. The march resulted in concessions from the apartheid cabinet headed by FW de Klerk, following years of violent clashes between anti-apartheid protestors and the police, and was the first such event to include elected world government functionaries. Accordingly, no major confrontation were experienced. The size of the protest, despite the open defiance, and the restrained response from the police signalled the beginning of the transition to democracy. https://store.earthstation1.com/apartheid-documentaries-dvd-racial-segregation-in-south-africa.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: New York City History Documentary Collection MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1787: The United States: The History Of The United States: The Constitution Of The United States: The Constitutional Convention (The Philadelphia Convention, The Federal Convention, The Grand Convention At Philadelphia) (May 25 - September 17, 1787): Elections: Elections In The United States: The 1788-89 United States Presidential Election: -- The Constitutional Convention selects New York City to becomes the country's temporary capital; on July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. Nine cities served as capitals to the Continental Congress and under the Articles of Confederation. New York City was the first capital upon the adoption of the Constitution, succeeded by Philadelphia, which was capital from 1790 to 1800. On October 6, 1783, after the capital was forced by The Pennsylvania Mutiny Of 1783 to move to Princeton, New Jersey. Also known as The Philadelphia Mutiny, The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 was an anti-government protest by nearly 400 soldiers of the Continental Army in June 1783. The mutiny, and the refusal of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania to stop it, ultimately resulted in Congress of the Confederation vacating Philadelphia and the creation of a federal district, Washington, D.C., to serve as the national capital. ". The Constitutional Convention was intended to revise the Articles Of Confederation -- however, many of its proponents from the outset had the intention of creating a new government rather than fix the existing one, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. The result was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. https://store.earthstation1.com/new-york-city-history-videos-3-dvd-se3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Heart Of The Dragon TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1971: Aviation: The History Of Aviation: The History Of Military Aviation: Aviation Incidents And Accidents: The Lin Biao Incident: -- #DOTD: #RIP: The Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft carrying Chairman Mao Zedong's second in command and successor Marshal Lin Biao crashes in Ondorkhaan, Mongolia as he flees the People's Republic Of China following the failure of a coup he allegedly, killing all aboard, There has been widespread skepticism in the West concerning the official Chinese explanation that the plane crashed because it did not take aboard enough fuel before taking off. Forensic evidence conducted by the USSR, who recovered the bodies following the crash, confirmed that Lin was among those who died in the crash. The exact events of this "Lin Biao incident" have been a source of speculation ever since. The Chinese government's official explanation is that Lin and his family attempted to flee following a botched coup, supposedly codenamed Project 571 (in Mandarin Chinese, the numbers "5-7-1" sound like the term "armed uprising"), against Mao. Others have argued that they fled out of fear they would be purged, as Lin's relationship with other Communist Party leaders had soured in the final few years of his life. Following Lin's death, he was officially condemned as a traitor by the Communist Party. Since the late 1970s, Lin and Mao's wife Jiang Qing (along with the other members of the Gang Of Four) have been labeled the two major "counter-revolutionary forces" of the Cultural Revolution, receiving official blame from the Chinese government for the worst excesses of that period. Lin Biao (December 5, 1907 - September 13, 1971) was born Lin Yurong in a prosperous merchant family in Huanggang, Hubei, China. Lin was a Marshal of the People's Republic Of China who was pivotal in the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, especially in Northeast China. Lin was the general who commanded the decisive Liaoshen and Pingjin Campaigns, in which he co-led the Manchurian Field Army to victory and led the People's Liberation Army into Beijing. He crossed the Yangtze River in 1949, decisively defeated the Kuomintang and took control of the coastal provinces in Southeast China. He ranked third among the Ten Marshals. Zhu De and Peng Dehuai were considered senior to Lin, and Lin ranked directly ahead of He Long and Liu Bocheng. Lin abstained from taking an active role in politics after the civil war ceased in 1949. He led a section of the government's civil bureaucracy as one of the co-serving Vice Premiers of the People's Republic Of China from 1954 onwards, becoming First Vice Premier from 1964. Lin became more active in politics when named one of the co-serving Vice Chairmen of the Communist Party of China in 1958. He held the three responsibilities of Vice Premier, Vice Chairman and Minister of National Defense from 1959 onwards. To date, Lin is the longest serving Minister of National Defence of the People's Republic Of China. Lin became instrumental in creating the foundations for Mao Zedong's cult of personality in the early 1960s, and was rewarded for his service in the Cultural Revolution by being named Mao's designated successor as the sole Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China, from 1966 until his death. The day before The Lin Biao Incident, a massive purge of the armed forces took place. All military officials identified as being close to Lin or his family (most of China's high military command) were purged within weeks of Lin's disappearance. Within a month of Lin's disappearance, over 1,000 senior Chinese military officials were purged.After he was confident that all of the alleged plotters were either dead or arrested, Mao Zedong had copies of the Project 571 Outline widely circulated among cadres in the Communist Party. The official Chinese version of events was drafted by Zhang Chunqiao and his subordinates under Mao's personal supervision. https://store.earthstation1.com/heart-of-the-dragon-dvds-post-mao-china-all-12-tv-shows-3-di123.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Deadly Currents: The First Intifada 1987-93 DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1993: The Cold War: The Aftermath Of The Cold War: The Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Arab-Israeli Peace Process: The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: The Oslo Process: The Oslo Accords: The Oslo I Accord (Oslo I, The Declaration Of Principles On Interim Self-Government Arrangements, The Declaration Of Principles [DOP]): -- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin shakes hands with Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat at the White House after signing the Oslo Accords granting limited Palestinian autonomy. The Oslo Accords are a pair of agreements between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): the Oslo I Accord, signed in Washington, D.C., in 1993; and the Oslo II Accord, signed in Taba, Egypt, in 1995. The Oslo Accords marked the start of the Oslo process, a peace process aimed at achieving a peace treaty based on United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, and at fulfilling the "right of the Palestinian people to self-determination." The Oslo process started after secret negotiations in Oslo, resulting in the recognition by the PLO of the State of Israel and the recognition by Israel of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people and as a partner in negotiations. The Oslo Accords created a Palestinian Authority tasked with limited self-governance of parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip; and acknowledged the PLO as Israel's partner in permanent-status negotiations about remaining questions. The most important questions relate to the borders of Israel and Palestine, Israeli settlements, the status of Jerusalem, Israel's military presence in and control over remaining territories after Israel's recognition of Palestinian autonomy, and the Palestinian right of return. The Oslo Accords, however, did not create a Palestinian state. https://store.earthstation1.com/deadly-currents-the-first-intifada-198793-dvd-mp4-download-us1987934.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Forty Years Of Fine Tuning (1984) WNEW TV Channel 5 DVD, Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1925: #BOTD: #HBD! Mel Torme, nicknamed The Velvet Fog, American child prodigy, musical pioneer, teen idol, singer, songwriter, jazz composer, arranger, drummer, actor in radio, film, and television, and author of five books, who composed the music for "The Christmas Song" ("Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire") and co-wrote the lyrics with Bob Wells, best known as a singer of jazz standards (d. June 5, 1999) is #born Melvin Howard Torme (from Russian Torma) in Chicago, Illinois into the Jewish family of Polish immigrant from Poland of William David Torme and New York City native Betty Torme (nee Sopkin). He first performed professionally at age four with the Coon-Sanders Orchestra, singing "You're Driving Me Crazy" at Chicago's Blackhawk restaurant. He played drums in the drum-and-bugle corps at Shakespeare Elementary School. From 1933 to 1941, he acted in the radio programs The Romance Of Helen Trent and Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy. He wrote his first song at 13. Three years later his first published song, "Lament To Love", became a hit for bandleader Harry James. From 1942 to 1943, he was a member of a band led by Chico Marx of the Marx Brothers. He was the singer, drummer, and also created some arrangements. In 1943, Torme made his movie debut in Frank Sinatra's first film, the musical Higher and Higher. His appearance in the 1947 film musical Good News made him a teen idol. In 1944, he formed the vocal quintet Mel Torme and His Mel-Tones, modeled on Frank Sinatra and The Pied Pipers. The Mel-Tones, which included Les Baxter and Ginny O'Connor, had several hits fronting Artie Shaw's band and on their own, including Cole Porter's "What Is This Thing Called Love?" The Mel-Tones were among the first jazz-influenced vocal groups, blazing a path later followed by The Hi-Lo's, The Four Freshmen, and The Manhattan Transfer. Torme served in the United States Army during World War II, and was discharged in 1946. He soon returned to a life of radio, television, movies, and music. In 1947, he started a solo singing career. His appearances at New York's Copacabana led local disc jockey Fred Robbins to give him the nickname "The Velvet Fog" in honor of his high tenor and smooth vocal style. Torme detested the nickname. He self-deprecatingly referred to it as "this Velvet Frog voice". As a solo singer, he recorded several romantic hits for Decca and with the Artie Shaw Orchestra for Musicraft (1946-1948). In 1949, he moved to Capitol, where his first record, "Careless Hands", became his only number-one hit. His versions of "Again" and "Blue Moon" became signature songs. His composition California Suite, prompted by Gordon Jenkins's "Manhattan Tower", became Capitol's first 12-inch LP album. Around this time, he helped pioneer cool jazz. He had a radio program, Mel Torme Time, which appeared on the short-lived Progressive Broadcasting System in the 1950s. From 1955 to 1957, he recorded seven vocal jazz albums for Red Clyde's Bethlehem Records, all with groups led by Marty Paich, most notably Mel Torme and the Marty Paich Dek-Tette. He became known for his arranging skills, earning the respect of musicians. In his 1994 book My Singing Teachers, Torme cited Patty Andrews, lead singer of the Andrews Sisters, one of the most successful show business acts of the 1940s, as one of his favorite vocalists, saying "They had more hit records to their credit than you could count, and one of the main reasons for their popularity was Patty Andrews. She stood in the middle of her sisters, planted her feet apart, and belted out solos as well as singing the lead parts with zest and confidence. The kind of singing she did cannot be taught, it can't be studied in books, it can't be written down. Long experience as a singer and wide-open ears were her only teachers, and she learned her lessons well." Though he spent most of his career singing jazz, Torme had a deep appreciation for classical music, especially that of Frederick Delius and Percy Grainger. He did not like Rock and Roll; to his discredit, he referred to it as "three-chord manure" (in his defense, some of it, though certainly not most of it, was). In the 1960s and '70s, Torme covered pop tunes of the day, never staying long with one label. He had two minor hits: his 1956 recording of "Mountain Greenery", which did better in the United Kingdom where it reached No. 4; and his 1962 R & B song "Comin' Home Baby", arranged by Claus Ogerman, which reached No. 13 in the UK. The latter recording led the pioneering African American jazz and gospel singer Ethel Waters to say that "Torme is the only white man who sings with the soul of a black man." "Comin' Home Baby" was later covered by Quincy Jones and Kai Winding. On August 8, 1996, a stroke ended Torme's 65-year singing career. In February 1999, he was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He died in Los Angeles, California from another stroke at the age of 73. He is buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Brentwood, California. In his eulogistic essay, John Andrews wrote: "Torme's style shared much with that of his idol, Ella Fitzgerald. Both were firmly rooted in the foundation of the swing era, but both seemed able to incorporate bebop innovations to keep their performances sounding fresh and contemporary. Like Sinatra, they sang with perfect diction and brought out the emotional content of the lyrics through subtle alterations of phrasing and harmony. Ballads were characterized by paraphrasing of the original melody which always seemed tasteful, appropriate and respectful to the vision of the songwriter. Unlike Sinatra, both Fitzgerald and Torme were likely to cut loose during a swinging up-tempo number with several scat choruses, using their voices without words to improvise a solo like a brass or reed instrument." https://store.earthstation1.com/forty-years-of-fine-tuning-dvd-wnew-tv-channel-5-ny5.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Minnie The Moocher And Many Many More DVD, Video Download, Flash Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1908: #BOTD: #HBD! Chu Berry, African American jazz tenor saxophonist, bandleader and songwriter (d. October 30, 1941) is #born Leon Brown Berry in Wheeling, West Virginia. Berry's mastery of advanced harmony and his smoothly-flowing solos on uptempo tunes influenced such young innovators as Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. Charlie Parker named his first son Leon in Chu's honor. "Christopher Columbus", which Berry composed with lyrics by Andy Razaf, was the last important and greatest hit recording of the Fletcher Henderson orchestra, recorded in 1936. It is one of the most popular riff tunes from the swing era, and was incorporated into Jimmy Mundy's arrangement of Sing, Sing, Sing for Benny Goodman's band, used as the final showstopper in Goodman's first Carnegie Hall jazz concert of January 16, 1938. Berry was one of the jazz musicians who took part in jam sessions at Minton's Playhouse in New York City, which led to the development of bebop. Most of Berry's career was spent with swing bands: Sammy Stewart, 1929-1930, with whom he switched to tenor sax, Benny Carter, 1932-1933, Teddy Hill, 1933-1935, Fletcher Henderson, 1935-1937, Cab Calloway, his best-known affiliation, from 1937 to 1941. Throughout his brief career, Berry was in demand as a sideman for recording sessions under the names of various other jazz artists, including Spike Hughes (1933), Bessie Smith (1933), The Chocolate Dandies (1933), Mildred Bailey (1935-1938), Teddy Wilson (1935-1938), Billie Holiday (1938-1939), Wingy Manone (1938-1939) and Lionel Hampton (1939). According to music critic Gary Giddins, musicians called him "Chu" either because he chewed on the mouthpiece of his saxophone or because he had a Fu Manchu mustache. He graduated from Lincoln High School in Wheeling, then attended West Virginia State College for three years. His sister Ann played piano. Berry became interested in music at an early age, playing alto saxophone, at first with local bands. He was inspired to take up the tenor saxophone after hearing Coleman Hawkins on tour. During the period 1934-1939, while saxophone pioneer Hawkins was playing in Europe, Berry was one of several younger tenor saxophonists, such as Budd Johnson, Ben Webster and Lester Young who vied for supremacy on their instrument. Four sessions were organized with Berry as leader, in 1937, 1938, and 1941. Berry died on October 27, 1941 in Conneaut, Ohio, from a car accident, aged 33. He is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Wheeling, West Virginia. The Chu Berry Saxophone is the unofficial name of a series of saxophones produced by the C.G. Conn company during the 1920s, though it is more accurate to refer to them as the Conn New Wonder Series II. C.G. Conn never used the term "Chu Berry" to refer to any of their saxophones. Berry played a model of tenor sax generally known as the Conn Transitional and is not known to have ever played a New Wonder Series II. Some saxophone owners use the term "Chu Berry" in reference to any Conn saxophone made between 1910 and the mid-1930s, including soprano, alto, baritone and C melody saxophones, none of which Berry played. https://store.earthstation1.com/minnie-the-moocher-and-many-many-more-dvd-1983-cab-call1984.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Rock & Roll An Unruly History 10 Part TV Series MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1913: #BOTD: #HBD! Cholly Atkins, African American dancer and vaudeville performer who later became noted as the house choreographer for the various artists on the Motown label (d. April 19, 2003) is #born Charles Sylvan Atkinson in Pratt City, Alabama. He began dancing in the late 1930s before entering military service in 1942 during World War II. Upon leaving the U.S. Army. Atkins first found fame as one-half of Atkins & Coles, a top vaudeville dance act with partner Charles "Honi" Coles, debuting at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York. Atkins and Coles toured extensively nationally and internationally, performing in showcases with major jazz and swing bands, including those led by Louis Armstrong, Charlie Barnet, Count Basie, Cab Calloway, and Lionel Hampton. The pair also performed from 1949 to 1952 on Broadway in the stage 4 production, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. In the mid-1950s, Cholly began teaching dance steps to the Cadillacs, Shirelles, Moonglows, Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers, Little Anthony & The Imperials, and other vocal groups. His dance steps were a new style coined "vocal choreography", as singers enhanced their vocal performances with stylish combinations of gestures and steps. After working as a freelance choreographer in 1962 for The Miracles, Atkins was hired by Berry Gordy to work as a Motown choreographer in 1964, and set about developing the routines that would later become the trademark moves of other Motown acts like The Supremes, The Temptations (Atkins was also featured in the video for their hit single "Lady Soul"), The Four Tops, The Marvelettes, Gladys Knight & The Pips and others. Atkins would, in fact, continue working with Motown artists well into the 1980s. He choreographed for non-Motown artists as well, namely the dance routines of The Cadillacs in the 1950s, and the Sylvers, as well as The O'Jays during the mid-1970s, appearing with them on an episode of Soul Train. He also worked with Detroit rock band DC Drive and is featured in the "You Need Love" video. In 1989, Atkins received a Tony Award for choreographing the Broadway show Black and Blue. He also accepted a 1993 National Endowment for the Arts three-year fellowship to tour colleges and universities teaching vocal choreography. He continued to teach dance in Las Vegas until February 2003. Cholly Atkins died of pancreatic cancer in Las Vegas, Nevada, five months short of his 90th birthday. His remains were cremated, and the ashes given to his widow Maye Harrison. https://store.earthstation1.com/rock-amp-roll-an-unruly-history-10-part-tv-series-mp4-video-download-104.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Celebration At Big Sur (1969) DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13-14, 1969: Counterculture Of The 1960s: The Hippie Movement: Counterculture Festivals: Music Festivals: Folk Festivals: The Big Sur Folk Festival (1964-1971): The 1969 Big Sur Folk Festival: -- The 1969 Big Sur Folk Festival begins on September 13 with performances by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Dorothy Morrison, Joan Baez, John Sebastian, Joni Mitchell, Mimi Farina, Ruthann Friedman, Sal Valentino, The Flying Burrito Brothers and The Incredible String Band. The Big Sur Folk Festival, held from 1964 to 1971 in California, was an informal gathering of prominent and emerging folk artists from across the United States. Nancy Jane Carlen (1941-2013) was working at the Esalen Institute when Joan Baez was asked to lead workshops on music. Carlen was a good friend of Baez, and they decided to invite other artists, which turned into the first festival. Baez performed at all seven events. Well-known acts included Joni Mitchell, Judy Collins, the Beach Boys, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Country Joe McDonald, John Sebastian, Kris Kristofferson, Arlo Guthrie, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Taj Mahal, Dorothy Morrison with the Edwin Hawkins Singers, and Julie Payne. All of the artists were paid union scale, about 50 USD. The audience paid 3.50 to 5.50 USD, depending on the year. All proceeds benefitted Baez's Institute for the Study of Nonviolence. Carlen intended it to be a friendly and low-key event that allowed artists to relax after their long summer concert series. It was held except for one year in front of the pool at the Esalen Institute on the Big Sur coast. The second-to-last year was held at the Monterey County Fairgrounds. Carlen purposefully kept advertising to a minimum to help keep crowds small. Richard and Mimi Farina performed for the first time at the festival, which led to a recording contract. At the September 1969 festival, a documentary film was made. Celebration at Big Sur featured many performers who had played only four weeks earlier at Woodstock from August 15-18. The festival was later considered by some as the antithesis of the commercial Woodstock, but it was originally seen by the artists an antidote to the Newport Folk Festival. https://store.earthstation1.com/celebration-at-big-sur-dvd-joan-baez-crosby-stills-nash-joni-mitchell.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: WABC Radio Airchecks MP3 Collection 1960s-1980s DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1944: #BOTD: #HBD! Peter Cetera, American singer-songwriter, bass player, and record producer, best known for being an original member of the rock band Chicago (1967-1985), before launching a successful solo career, is #born Peter Paul Cetera in the Morgan Park neighborhood of the far South Side of Chicago, Illinois, where he was raised. His career as a recording artist encompasses seventeen albums with Chicago and eight solo albums. With "If You Leave Me Now", a song written and sung by Cetera on the group's tenth album, Chicago garnered its first Grammy Award. It was also the group's first number one single. The song "Color My World" became a standard slow dance song played at junior and senior high school proms throughout America in the 1970s. https://store.earthstation1.com/wabc-musicradio-shows-mp3-dvd-60s80s-am-360807775.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Golden Age Of Rock 'N' Roll DVD, MP4 Video Download, Flash Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1941: #BOTD: #HBD! David Clayton-Thomas, British-Canadian musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of the American band Blood, Sweat & Tears (commonly abbreviated as "BS & T") (d. June 24, 2026) is #born David Henry Thomsett in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England, the son of Fred Thomsett, a decorated Canadian soldier of World War II. His mother, Freda May (nee Smith), played the piano and met Thomsett when she came to entertain the troops at a London hospital. After the war, the family settled in Willowdale, Toronto, Canada. Clayton-Thomas inherited a love for music from his mother. His father was an abusive alcoholic who beat him. By the time he was fourteen, he had left home and was sleeping in parked cars and abandoned buildings and stealing food and clothing to survive. He was arrested several times for vagrancy, petty theft, and street brawls and spent much of his teens in various jails and reformatories, including the Burwash Industrial Farm. When an old guitar came into his possession, left behind by an outgoing reformatory inmate, David began to teach himself to play. Upon his release from detention in 1962, he gravitated to the Yonge Street "strip" in Toronto. Rhythm & blues from Detroit and Chicago was the main attraction on the strip. Arkansas rockabilly musician Ronnie Hawkins was then a Toronto resident and recognized the talent of the young singer, whom he called 'Sonny'. Soon the singer was fronting his own bands. The first was David Clayton Thomas and The Fabulous Shays. By this time, he had changed his surname to put some distance between his new life and his troubled teenage years. In 1964 Clayton-Thomas and The Shays recorded John Lee Hooker's "Boom Boom". This led to a New York appearance on NBC-TV's Hullabaloo at the invitation of host, fellow Canadian Paul Anka. Abandoning the bars on the strip, Clayton-Thomas began performing in Yorkville Village's coffeehouses. He immersed himself in the scene dominated by Hooker, Joe Williams, Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, Lenny Breau, Oscar Peterson, and Moe Koffman. The album David Clayton Thomas and the Shays a Go-Go was recorded for Roman Records and released in Canada in 1965, and was followed by David Clayton Thomas Sings Like It Is! in 1966. Clayton-Thomas made his mark more forcibly with his next band, The Bossmen, which included jazz musicians. In 1966 he wrote and sang the R & B-driven anti-war song "Brainwashed", which became a major Canadian hit, peaking at No. 11 on the RPM chart. One night in 1966, after "sitting in" with Hooker in Yorkville, Clayton-Thomas left with him for New York. They played a Greenwich Village club for a couple of weeks; Hooker then left for Europe and Clayton-Thomas stayed on in New York City. He survived by playing "basket houses", where performers were given a few minutes to perform and then passed the basket for money. While back in Toronto in early 1968 he led The David Clayton-Thomas Combine and released the single "Father Dear Father" on Yorkville Records just prior to moving back to New York City to join Blood, Sweat & Tears. In 1968 folk singer Judy Collins heard Clayton-Thomas at a club in uptown Manhattan and told her friend, drummer Bobby Colomby. Bobby was looking for a new singer, as his band, BS & T, had three members leave the group just four months after releasing the debut Columbia Records album, Child Is Father to the Man. Colomby was impressed and invited Clayton-Thomas to join. Clayton-Thomas was one of four members added, bringing the membership up to nine. The reformed group debuted the Cafe Au Go-Go in Greenwich Village. Clayton-Thomas's first album with the band, Blood, Sweat & Tears, was released in December 1968 and sold ten million copies. It topped the Billboard Magazine Top Albums chart for seven weeks and charted for 109 weeks. It won five Grammy Awards. Three hit singles were included, "You've Made Me So Very Happy", "Spinning Wheel", and "And When I Die". Each of these peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. Also notable was a new arrangement of Billie Holiday's "God Bless The Child". Seeking to capitalize on the singer, Decca Records purchased tapes of the Roman Records material in 1969. Decca's producer added horns to make it sound more like Blood, Sweat & Tears, and released the album David Clayton-Thomas!. BS & T headlined major venues including; Royal Albert Hall, the Metropolitan Opera House, the Hollywood Bowl, Madison Square Garden, and Caesars Palace, as well as the Newport Jazz Festival and Woodstock. From June to July 1970, the band went on a United States Department of State-sponsored tour of Eastern Europe. Association with the United States government was highly unpopular with American rock fans who opposed the United States war in Vietnam and the band was criticized for allowing itself to be co-opted by United States President Richard Nixon's government. Details were later revealed that the U.S. State Department had pressured the group into the tour in exchange for a residency permit for Clayton-Thomas, who had a criminal record in Canada, and had been deported from the United States after overstaying his travel visa. The tour and its aftermath is the focus of a 2023 feature-length documentary titled What the Hell Happened to Blood, Sweat & Tears? The album Blood, Sweat & Tears 3 was released in June 1970 and featured Carole King's "Hi-De-Ho" and Clayton-Thomas' "Lucretia MacEvil". B, S & T; 4 in June 1971 yielded another Clayton-Thomas-penned hit single, "Go Down Gamblin'", where he also played electric guitar. Clayton-Thomas also co-wrote the song "Lisa Listen to Me" with Dick Halligan for this album. Blood Sweat & Tears' Greatest Hits was released in February 1972 and has since reached sales of seven million copies. In BS & T Clayton-Thomas sometimes played additional drums and percussion with Colomby during instrumental parts, as in the performance at Stockholm in September 1971. The group traveled all over Europe, Australia, Asia, South America, the United States, and Canada. Constant touring began to take its toll. Clayton-Thomas left BS & T in 1972, exhausted. Variety later described Clayton-Thomas's decision as ruining the band who "needed every bit of his sweat and swagger." By the mid-1970s, the founding members of the band began to drift away to pursue other goals. In 1972 Clayton-Thomas released his first Columbia solo album, simply titled David Clayton Thomas. In 1973 his next album Tequila Sunrise was released. He briefly hosted his own musical and variety TV show The David Clayton-Thomas Show for CBC Television. The show lasted for three episodes, broadcast in June and July 1973. In 1974 he issued Harmony Junction on RCA Records. In 1975 Thomas returned to front BS & T on the albums New City and, in 1976, More Than Ever. In 1977 they released Brand New Day on the ABC label. In 1978 Thomas issued another solo album on ABC, titled Clayton. In 1980 BS & T issued the MCA Records album Nuclear Blues, which also included the singer. Later in the decade Columbia issued the double live Blood, Sweat & Tears album Live and Improvised again with Clayton- Thomas. His 1999 solo album Bloodlines included former band members from BS & T. It was reported in the May 30, 1992 issue of Cash Box that Clayton-Thomas was one of the artists on the Sedona Recording Company roster. In 2004 Clayton-Thomas left New York for Toronto and launched an All-Star 10-piece band. He then began touring and recording almost a dozen new albums under his own name. Clayton-Thomas died at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto at the age of 84. Eric Alper, David's spokesman, confirmed the death at a hospital but did not specify the cause. The singer's two daughters, Christine Graham and Ashleigh Clayton-Thomas, survived him. His burial details are not publicly disclosed. David married four times. Nancy Hewitt was his first wife, followed by Terry Nusyna, his second wife. Later, he tied the knot with Jennifer Goodson and, lastly, Suzanne Warren. While Christine was born with his first wife, Ashleigh was born from third partner, Jennifer.David and Suzzane married and resided in NYC and the Catskill Mountains. Their relationship ended in divorce, as had his prior marriages. The couple did not have kids.The dates of their marriage ceremony and ultimate divorce judgment were never made public since David kept his personal life very private. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-golden-age-of-rock-39n39-roll-dvd-complete-tv-series-5-39395.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: America Goes Over - The Yanks Are Coming! WWI DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1860: #BOTD: #HBD! John J. "Black Jack" Pershing, U.S. General of the Armies and lawyer (d. July 15, 1948) was #born in Laclede, Missouri. His most famous post was when he served as the commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) on the Western Front in the last two years of World War I, and oversaw the Meuse-Argonne Offensive that helped bring about the Armistice of November 11, 1918. He also served in combat in the Apache Wars and Sioux Wars, a part of the Indian Wars; in the Spanish-American War, fighting at the Battle of San Juan Hill; as commandier of operations to suppress the Moro Rebellion of the Philippine-American War; as an observer during the Russo-Japanese War attached to General Kuroki Tamemoto's Japanese First Army in Manchuria; and as commander of the Pancho Villa Expedition during the Mexican Revolution. He was also an expert marksman. and in 1891 was rated second in pistol and fifth in rifle out of all soldiers in the U.S. Army. In 1897, Pershing was appointed to the West Point tactical staff as an instructor, where he was assigned to Cadet Company A. Because of his strictness and rigidity, Pershing was unpopular with the cadets, who took to calling him "Nigger Jack" because of his service with the 10th Cavalry Regiment, a now famous unit formed as a segregated African American unit and one of the original "Buffalo Soldier" regiments. During the course of his tour at the Academy, this epithet softened to "Black Jack," although it was intended to be an insult. This nickname would stick with him for the rest of his life, and was known to the public as early as 1917. On the morning of August 27, 1915, he received a telegram informing him of a fire in the Presidio in San Francisco, where a lacquered floor caught fire and the flames rapidly spread, resulting in the smoke inhalation deaths of his wife, Helen Frances Warren, and three young daughters, Mary, age 3, Anne, age 7, and Helen, age 8. Only his 6-year-old son Francis Warren survived. Two years after the death of his wife and children, Pershing courted Anne Wilson "Nita" Patton, the younger sister of his protege, George S. Patton. Pershing met her when she traveled to Fort Bliss, where Pershing was commanding officer, to visit her brother, and he introduced them. Pershing and Nita Patton soon began a relationship; they became engaged in 1917, but their separation because of Pershing's time in France during World War I ended it.Pershing had wartime affairs, including one with an artist who painted his portrait, and he later expressed regret that he had let Nita Patton "get away". She never married, and Pershing never remarried. During World War I, Pershing rejected British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies, and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command, although some American divisions fought under British command, and he also allowed all-black units to be integrated with the French army. Pershing's soldiers first saw serious battle at Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Soissons. To speed up the arrival of the doughboys, they embarked for France leaving the heavy equipment behind, and used British and French tanks, artillery, airplanes and other munitions. In September 1918 at St. Mihiel, the First Army was directly under Pershing's command; it overwhelmed the salient - the encroachment into Allied territory - that the German Army had held for three years. For the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Pershing shifted roughly 600,000 American soldiers to the heavily defended forests of the Argonne, keeping his divisions engaged in hard fighting for 47 days, alongside the French. The Allied Hundred Days Offensive, which the Argonne fighting was part of, contributed to Germany calling for an armistice. Pershing was of the opinion that the war should continue and that all of Germany should be occupied in an effort to permanently destroy German militarism. Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to General of the Armies rank, the highest possible rank in the United States Army. Allowed to select his own insignia, Pershing chose to use four gold stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of General, which was signified with four silver stars. After the creation of the five-star General of the Army rank during World War II, his rank of General of the Armies could unofficially be considered that of a six-star general, but he died before the proposed insignia could be considered and acted on by Congress. Pershing died of coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure at age 87 at Walter Reed General Hospital in Washington, D.C., which was his home after 1944. He lay in state at the United States Capitol rotunda, and following a state funeral, he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery near the grave sites of the soldiers he commanded in Europe. The site is now known as Pershing Hill. George C. Marshall, then serving as U.S. Secretary of State, was in charge of funeral plans. Some of his tactics have been criticized both by other commanders at the time and by modern historians. His reliance on costly frontal assaults, long after other Allied armies had abandoned such tactics, has been blamed for causing unnecessarily high American casualties. In addition to leading the A.E.F. to victory in World War I, Pershing notably served as a mentor to many in the generation of generals who led the United States Army during World War II, including George Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Lesley J. McNair, George S. Patton, and Douglas MacArthur. https://store.earthstation1.com/america-goes-over--the-yanks-are-coming-wwi-propaganda-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Stonewall Jackson Bios: American Civil War & Mexican War DVD MP4 USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1847: The Mexican-American War (The Mexican War): The Battle For Mexico City: The Battle Of Chapultepec: Los Ninos Heroes (Spanish: The Boy Heroes): -- #DOTD: #RIP: Six Mexican teenage military cadets die defending Chapultepec Castle from invading American forces under General Winfield Scott during The Battle Of Chapultepec, a part of the Battle For Mexico City. According to legend, in an act of bravery, Juan Escutia wrapped the Mexican flag around his body and jumped from the top of the castle in order to keep it from falling into the enemy's hands. The Ninos Heroes are a key part of Mexico's patriotic folklore, commemorated by a national holiday on September 13, Dia de los Ninos Heroes (Day of the Boy Heroes). However, several modern Mexican historians claim that parts of the story are not factual. Chapultepec Castle (Spanish: Castillo de Chapultepec) is located on top of Chapultepec Hill. The name Chapultepec stems from the Nahuatl word chapoltepec which means "at the grasshopper's hill". The castle has such unparalleled views and terraces that historian James F. Elton wrote that they can't "be surpassed in beauty in any part of he world". It is located in the middle of Chapultepec Park in Mexico City at a height of 2,325 meters (7,628 ft) above sea level. The site of the hill was a sacred place for Aztecs, and the buildings atop it have served several purposes during its history, including that of Military Academy, Imperial residence, Presidential home, observatory, and presently, the National Museum of History. It is the only royal castle in the Americas. American troops under General Winfield Scott went on after their victory at Chapultepec to win the Battle For Mexico City. When the Duke of Wellington, victor of Waterloo, learned that Scott had succeeded against alarming odds in capturing Mexico City, he proclaimed Scott "the greatest living general". https://store.earthstation1.com/stonewall-jackson-bios-american-civil-war-amp-mexican-war-dvd-mp4-us4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Machine That Changed The World: The Computer DVD MP4 Download
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1956: Premieres: The Industrial Revolution: The Third Industrial Revolution (1947-Present) (The Information Age, The Computer Age, The Digital Age, The Digital Electronics Revolution, The Silicon Age, The New Media Age, The Media Age): The Computer: The History Of The Computer: Digital Computers: The History Of Computing Hardware: The History Of The Computer Industry: The History Of Commercial Computers: The IBM 305 RAMAC: -- The IBM 305 RAMAC, the first commercial computer to use disk storage, is introduced. The IBM 305 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) used a moving-head hard disk drive to store information, as distinguished from magnetic tape storage, for secondary data storage. The system was publicly announced on September 14, 1956, with test units already installed at the U.S. Navy and at private corporations. RAMAC's design was motivated by the need for immediate, real-time accounting in business and government. RAMAC was developed and manufactured at IBM's research facility in San Jose, California. In 1959, IBM's CEO Thomas J. Watson Jr. exhibited the RAMAC in Moscow. This led to a visit by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to IBM's San Jose facility. The first RAMAC to be used in the U.S. auto industry was installed at Chrysler's MOPAR Division in 1957. It replaced a huge tub file which was part of MOPAR's parts inventory control and order processing system. During the 1960 Olympic Winter Games in Squaw Valley (USA), IBM provided the first electronic data processing systems for the Games. The system featured an IBM RAMAC 305 computer, punched card data collection, and a central printing facility. More than 1,000 systems were built. Production ended in 1961; the RAMAC computer became obsolete in 1962 when the IBM 1405 Disk Storage Unit for the IBM 1401 was introduced, and the 305 was withdrawn in 1969. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-machine-that-changed-the-world-the-computer-dvd-mp4-downloa4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Perspectives On 20th Century Architecture Japan MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1941: #BOTD: #HBD! Tadao Ando, Japanese autodidact (self-educated) architect whose approach to architecture and landscape was defined by architectural historian Francesco Dal Co as "critical regionalism", an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of identity of the International Style, but also rejects the whimsical individualism and ornamentation of Postmodern architecture, is #born Ando Tadao a few minutes before his twin brother in 1941 in Minato-ku, Osaka, Japan. He is the recipient of the 1995 The Pritzker Architecture Prize, an international award presented annually "to honor a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision and commitment which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture." Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation. It is considered to be one of the world's premier architecture prizes, and is often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture. At the age of two, his family chose to separate them and have Tadao live with his great-grandmother. He worked as a boxer and fighter before settling on the profession of architect, despite never having formal training in the field. Struck by the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Imperial Hotel on a trip to Tokyo as a second-year high school student, he eventually decided to end his boxing career less than two years after graduating from high school to pursue architecture. He attended night classes to learn drawing and took correspondence courses on interior design. He visited buildings designed by renowned architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Louis Kahn before returning to Osaka in 1968 to establish his own design studio, Tadao Ando Architects and Associates. Ando was raised in Japan where the religion and style of life strongly influenced his architecture and design. Ando's architectural style is said to create a "haiku" effect, emphasizing nothingness and empty space to represent the beauty of simplicity. He favors designing complex spatial circulation while maintaining the appearance of simplicity. A self-taught architect, he keeps his Japanese culture and language in mind while he travels around Europe for research. As an architect, he believes that architecture can change society, that "to change the dwelling is to change the city and to reform society". "Reform society" could be a promotion of a place or a change of the identity of that place. Werner Blaser has said, "Good buildings by Tadao Ando create memorable identity and therefore publicity, which in turn attracts the public and promotes market penetration". The simplicity of his architecture emphasizes the concept of sensation and physical experiences, mainly influenced by Japanese culture. The religious term Zen, focuses on the concept of simplicity and concentrates on inner feeling rather than outward appearance. Zen influences vividly show in Ando's work and became its distinguishing mark. In order to practice the idea of simplicity, Ando's architecture is mostly constructed with concrete, providing a sense of cleanliness and weightlessness (even though concrete is a heavy material) at the same time. Due to the simplicity of the exterior, construction, and organization of the space are relatively potential in order to represent the aesthetic of sensation. Besides Japanese religious architecture, Ando has also designed Christian churches, such as the Church of the Light (1989) and the Church in Tarumi (1993). Although Japanese and Christian churches display distinct characteristics, Ando treats them in a similar way. He believes there should be no difference in designing religious architecture and houses. As he explains, "We do not need to differentiate one from the other. Dwelling in a house is not only a functional issue, but also a spiritual one. The house is the locus of heart (kokoro), and the heart is the locus of god. Dwelling in a house is a search for the heart (kokoro) as the locus of god, just as one goes to church to search for god. An important role of the church is to enhance this sense of the spiritual. In a spiritual place, people find peace in their heart (kokoro), as in their homeland." Besides speaking of the spirit of architecture, Ando also emphasises the association between nature and architecture. He intends for people to easily experience the spirit and beauty of nature through architecture. He believes architecture is responsible for performing the attitude of the site and makes it visible. This not only represents his theory of the role of architecture in society but also shows why he spends so much time studying architecture from physical experience. In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Prize for architecture, considered the highest distinction in the field. He donated the 100K USD prize money to the orphans of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Tadao Ando's body of work is known for the creative use of natural light and for structures that follow natural forms of the landscape, rather than disturbing the landscape by making it conform to the constructed space of a building. Ando's buildings are often characterized by complex three-dimensional circulation paths. These paths weave in between interior and exterior spaces formed both inside large-scale geometric shapes and in the spaces between them. His "Row House in Sumiyoshi" (Azuma House), a small two-story, cast-in-place concrete house completed in 1976, is an early work which began to show elements of his characteristic style. It consists of three equal rectangular volumes: two enclosed volumes of interior spaces separated by an open courtyard. The courtyard's position between the two interior volumes becomes an integral part of the house's circulation system. The house is famous for the contrast between appearance and spatial organization which allow people to experience the richness of the space within the geometry. Ando's housing complex at Rokko, just outside Kobe, is a complex warren of terraces and balconies, atriums and shafts. The designs for Rokko Housing One (1983) and for Rokko Housing Two (1993) illustrate a range of issues in traditional architectural vocabulary-the interplay of solid and void, the alternatives of open and closed, the contrasts of light and darkness. More significantly, Ando's noteworthy engineering achievement in these clustered buildings is site specific-the structures survived undamaged after the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995. New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger argues that "Ando is right in the Japanese tradition: spareness has always been a part of Japanese architecture, at least since the 16th century; it is not without reason that Frank Lloyd Wright more freely admitted to the influences of Japanese architecture than of anything American." Unlike the architect Auguste Perret, who pioneered the use of reinforced concrete, Ando used shuttering formwork to give concrete building elements their shape. The finished Ando building bears the memory of wood texture. The smoothness of the concrete is achieved by the careful preparation of the casting moulds. Ando buildings are credited with the interior design use of exposed concrete. The use of prominent beams is perceived to be rooted in Japanese architectural history. The Rokko apartments and the Church of the Light earned Ando international recognition and he was noted by those who detect a regional quality in concrete construction. In 2003, Ando was commissioned by soap opera heir William Bell, Jr. and his wife Maria to design a house for an almost 6-acre (2.4 ha) oceanfront site on the East Pacific Coast Highway in the Paradise Cove area of Malibu, California. The house (designed with WHY Architects) is a 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m2) modernist concrete structure in an L shape, with six bedrooms and walls of glass. It has been described as minimalist and "echoey". Construction completed in 2014, being prolonged due to the oceanfront location, soft soil, and California's extensive building codes. 7,645 cubic yards of unusually high quality concrete were used in the construction of the house, with its rebar specially treated to resist corrosion. The installation of the concrete in the driveway, garage, and parking areas in 2015 won an award for precision from the American Concrete Institute. Ando also designed a series of furniture pieces for the interior. In May 2023, couple Beyonce and Jay-Z purchased the house through a trust for 200M USD. It was the most expensive single-family home sold in the United States in 2023. and surpassed California's previous record price for a residence, set by businessman Marc Andreessen in 2021 for the adjacent house. https://store.earthstation1.com/perspectives-on-20th-century-architecture-japan-d20.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: United Nations Documentaries Set DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 2007: Human Rights: The Human Rights Movement: Indigenous Rights: The Indigenous Rights Movement: The United Nations: United Nations General Assembly Resolutions: The Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP, DOTROIP) (UN General Assembly Resolution 61/295 [UNGAR61/295[): -- The United Nations General Assembly, by a vote on a Thursday of 143 in favor, 4 against, 11 abstentions and 34 absent, formally adopts The Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples, a legally non-binding resolution that delineates and defines the individual and collective rights of Indigenous peoples, including their ownership rights to cultural and ceremonial expression, identity, language, employment, health, education, and other issues. Their ownership also extends to the protection of their intellectual and cultural property. The Declaration "emphasizes the rights of Indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their own institutions, cultures and traditions, and to pursue their development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations." It "prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples," and it "promotes their full and effective participation in all matters that concern them and their right to remain distinct and to pursue their own visions of economic and social development". The goal of the declaration is to encourage countries to work alongside indigenous peoples to solve global issues, such as development, multicultural democracy, and decentralization. Since 2007, the four countries voting against have reversed their position and now support the Declaration. As of February 2020, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Indigenous Peoples describe (A/RES/61/295) as "...the most comprehensive international instrument on the rights of indigenous peoples. It establishes a universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world and it elaborates on existing human rights standards and fundamental freedoms as they apply to the specific situation of indigenous peoples." As a General Assembly Declaration, UNDRIP is not a legally binding instrument under international law. According to a UN press release it does "represent the dynamic development of international legal norms and it reflects the commitment of the UN's member states to move in certain directions"; the UN describes it as setting "an important standard for the treatment of indigenous peoples that will undoubtedly be a significant tool toward eliminating human rights violations against the planet's 370 million indigenous people, and assisting them in combating discrimination and marginalisation." UNDRIP codifies "Indigenous historical grievances, contemporary challenges and socio-economic, political and cultural aspirations" and is the "culmination of generations-long efforts by Indigenous organizations to get international attention, to secure recognition for their aspirations, and to generate support for their political agendas." Canada Research Chair and faculty member at the University of Saskatchewan Ken Coates argues that UNDRIP resonates powerfully with Indigenous peoples, while national governments have not yet fully understood its impact. https://store.earthstation1.com/united-nations-documentaries-set-dvd-mp4-download-usb-driv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Black Civil Rights Films: African-American History DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1948: Civil Rights Movements: The American Civil Rights Movement: The American Civil Rights Movement (1896-1954) (The Jim Crow Era): Elections: Elections In The United States: The 1948 United States Presidential Election: Henry A. Wallace's 1948 Presidential Campaign Radio Address On Southern Discrimination And Segregation: -- Former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, Jr., the 1948 Presidential nominee of the Progressive Party, gives a radio address to the American people at NBC in which he describes in detail his calls for the end of both discrimination and segregation in the South and the rest of the nation. Wallace ran a spirited campaign which unlike almost any before, took on the question of racial discrimination and segregation against African Americans in the South. It began: "I have been in the South so many times and every time I have found many new things. But never were my eyes opened so widely as on my last trip. It is a strange experience to stand on the main street of an American town and to ask only for the right to speak = and to be denied that right. It is a strange experience to look into faces blinded by unreasoning hate, to see people who will not let you speak, when the words concern the improvement of the lives of the very people before you. Yes I have seen the South many times: the thousands of unpainted shacks, the families living in houses with no doors in the door frames and no windows in the window frames; where a man and his family sleep in one room, all of them sleeping in one bed in cold weather, the children sleeping on the floor in warm weather. The people of the South are fine people: our aspirations are their aspirations. They are a patriotic people, a religious people. And it is this that struck me on my recent trip: that the basic human need of the South is simply a reconciling of our daily action with what we are taught in the church and what we are taught in school. The foundation of patriotism and religion is the doctrine of the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man. The Brotherhood of Man sets forth no limitation of color. The Constitution of the United States sets forth very specifically that the rights of citizens to vote shall not be denied on account of race or color. I came out of the South utterly convinced that these denials of God and man are evils which can cost this nation its very life.". That same day, Time Magazine, who typically dated their print articles on days other than when they were either written, accepted or published, chose this same September 13, 1948 date as the publication of is article on the event, entitled "Eggs in the Dust": "In his assault on the South last week, Henry Wallace acted more like an agitator than a presidential candidate. He ostentatiously rode through cities and towns with his Negro secretary in the seat beside him. He chose the homes of Negro supporters for meals and overnight stops. In Little Rock, his supporters picked four places for him to speak, knowing that he might be refused permission at all four (he was), knowing also that there were at least a dozen places where he could have spoken without raising any objection. Jeering Crowds. Wallace was sincerely and visibly shaken by his hostile reception. Said Wallace: "There is something so unlovely about hate when you see it distorting the human face." In three days in North Carolina, booing, jeering crowds drowned out his attempts to speak. He and his party were pelted with dozens of eggs and tomatoes. He was hit at least nine times, splattered by near misses five times. In Hickory, N.C., two rotten eggs plopped near him. Cried Wallace bitterly: "As Jesus Christ told his disciples, if at any town they will not listen to you will ingly, then shake the dust from your feet and go elsewhere."* He shook off the dust of Hickory.After that, Henry was not without sympathizers. North Carolina's Governor Gregg Cherry condemned the mob's conduct. President Truman denounced it as "highly un-American." Mississippi's Governor Fielding Wright, the Dixiecrats' vice presidential candidate, urged all Mississippians to behave. In Greensboro, N.C., Judge E. Earle Rives sentenced two teenage egg-throwers to write over & over: "I disapprove of what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it." The nation's press, including the South's, lectured on the right of free speech. In Birmingham, Ala., Public Safety Commissioner Eugene ("Bull") Connor was on record: "I ain't gonna let no darkies and white folk segregate together in this town." While Wallace waited in his car near by, a representative announced that he would not speak to any meeting that "violates the right of free assembly"-meaning a segregated meeting. A volley of eggs sailed over his head. A small, angry group found Wallace's car, thumped fists on its fenders, took turns glaring through the windows. "Look at that guy," said one. "He can't even afford to get a haircut." Cried Wallace: "There is a long chain that links unknown young hoodlums in North Carolina or Alabama with men in finely tailored business suits in the great financial centers of New York or Boston, men who make a dollars & cents profit by setting race against race in the far away South." Wallace added: "If the U.S. does not get right on the segregation problem, she will lose her position of leadership in world affairs." Ventured Witticism. The rest of the Wallace tour continued through an atmosphere of smoldering but restrained hostility. There were lapses. In Monroe, La., a tomato sploshed on his car. In Shreveport, he ran into a barrage of eggs and tomatoes. One egg struck his car in Memphis. But at his last speeches in Tennessee, in the heart of TVA territory, he was cheered. Wallace plucked up his spirits, ventured a witticism. He declared that he was trying to develop an egg of higher viscosity. "It won't scatter so far when it breaks-a sort of non-spattering egg." What had he achieved? He had thrown a harsh light on the problem of racial segregation-a problem which the U.S. as a whole cannot continue to shrug off. He had shown that there are a few hooligans in the South and also responsible statesmen who deplore hooliganism. He had found material for future demagogic campaign speeches, although it was unlikely that he had changed many votes. Wrote the Charlotte, N.C. News: ". . . he mortifies us. There are men in the world who are bothered with neither Henry Wallace's confusion nor his extensive good will. They are trading on him, and he, the poor sap, is peddling his wares of doubt, uncertainty, and confusion, scourging himself and singing psalms." In Rexburg, Idaho, two ex-G.I.s tossed peaches and eggs at Senator Glen Taylor, Henry Wallace's running mate. In West Frankfort, a southern Illinois mining town, a gang of young toughs broke up a meeting and stoned Curtis MacDougall, Progressive candidate for U.S. Senator. MacDougall was hit by ten stones as he retreated to his trailer with his wife and children. At week's end, Tass's New York Bureau gleefully cabled Moscow that an organized reign of terror conducted by "fascist hooligans" was under way against Wallace and his Progressives. https://store.earthstation1.com/black-civil-rights-films-africanamerican-history-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The FBI's War On Black America: COINTELPRO MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1947: #BOTD: #HBD! Geronimo Pratt, also known as Geronimo Ji-Jaga and Geronimo Ji-Jaga Pratt, African American war hero, highly decorated military veteran and a high-ranking member of the Black Panther Party in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s (d. June 2, 2011) is #born Elmer Pratt in Morgan City, Louisiana, where his father was in the scrap metal business. Pratt was raised Catholic. Pratt was a star quarterback at Sumpter Williams High School. He served two tours in Vietnam, earning two Bronze Stars, a Silver Star, and two Purple Hearts. He moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at UCLA under the GI Bill, and joined the Black Panther Party after seeing police actions against African American community members that made him flash back to similar military actions he undertook during the Vietnam War. The Federal Bureau of Investigation targeted Pratt in a COINTELPRO operation in the early 1970s, intended to "neutralize Pratt as an effective BPP functionary." Pratt was knowingly prosecuted for a crime the FBI knew he did not commit: the 1968 murder of Caroline Olsen. He was tried and convicted in 1972, and served 27 years in prison, eight of which were in solitary confinement. Pratt was freed in 1997 when his conviction was vacated due to the prosecution's having withheld exculpatory evidence that tended to prove his innocence. This decision was upheld on appeal. He worked as a human rights activist until the time of his death. Pratt was also the godfather of the late rapper Tupac Shakur. He died of a heart attack in Arusha, Tanzania, aged 63. His burial details have not been publicly disclosed. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-fbis-war-on-black-america-cointelpro-mp4-video-download-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Pioneers Of Surgery Documentary TV Series DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1848: Medicine: The History Of Medicine: Surgery: The History Of Surgery: Neurosurgery: The History Of Neurosurgery: Neurology: The History Of Neurology: Neuroscience: The History Of Neuroscience: The American Crowbar Case (The Phineas Gage Case): -- Vermont railroad construction foreman Phineas Gage survives an iron rod 1 1/4 inches (3.2 cm) in diameter being driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe; the reported effects on his behavior and personality over the remaining 12 years of his life, effects sufficiently profound that friends saw him as "no longer Gage", stimulate thinking about the nature of the brain and its functions. Surgeon H. F. Campbell wrote in the Ohio Medical & Surgical Journal his 1851 article "Injuries of the Cranium - Trepanning" that this was "the case which more than all others is calculated to excite our wonder, impair the value of prognosis, and even to subvert our physiological doctrines". Long known as the "American Crowbar Case", Phineas P. Gage (July 9, 1823 - May 21, 1860) influenced 19th-century discussion about the mind and brain, particularly debate on cerebral localization, and was perhaps the first case to suggest the brain's role in determining personality, and that damage to specific parts of the brain might induce specific mental changes. Gage is a fixture in the curricula of neurology, psychology, and neuroscience, one of the great medical curiosities of all time and a part of medical folklore, frequently mentioned in books and scientific papers. Despite this celebrity, the body of established fact about Gage and what he was like (whether before or after his injury) is small, with Gage acting as a "Rorschach inkblot" in which proponents of various conflicting theories of the brain all saw support for their views. Historically, published accounts of Gage (including scientific ones) have almost always severely exaggerated and distorted his behavioral changes, frequently contradicting the known facts. A report of Gage's physical and mental condition shortly before his death implies that his most serious mental changes were temporary, so that in later life he was far more functional, and socially far better adapted, than in the years immediately following his accident. A social recovery hypothesis suggests that his work as a stagecoach driver in Chile fostered this recovery by providing daily structure which allowed him to regain lost social and personal skills. According to John Martyn Harlow's 1868 "Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head", On May 18, 1860, Gage "left Santa Clara and went home to his mother. At 5 o'clock, A.M., on the 20th, he had a severe convulsion. The family physician was called in, and bled him. The convulsions were repeated frequently during the succeeding day and night," and he died in status epilepticus, a single seizure lasting more than five minutes or two or more seizures within a five-minute period without the person returning to normal between them, in or near San Francisco, late on May 21, 1860. He was buried in San Francisco's Lone Mountain Cemetery. https://store.earthstation1.com/pioneers-of-surgery-dvd-set-4-episode-tv-series-2-dis42.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The American Diary: US History 1895-1933 TV Series DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1851: #BOTD: Walter Reed, American biologist, epidemiologist, bacteriologist and U.S. Army physician who in 1901 led the team that confirmed the theory of the Cuban doctor Carlos Finlay that yellow fever is transmitted by a particular mosquito species, rather than by direct contact (d. November 22, 1902) is #born in Belroi, Virginia, to Lemuel Sutton Reed (a traveling Methodist minister) and his first wife, Pharaba White. U.S. Army Major Walter Reed, M.D. gave impetus to the new fields of epidemiology and biomedicine, and most immediately allowed the resumption and completion of work on the Panama Canal (1904-1914) by the United States. Reed followed work started by Carlos Finlay and directed by George Miller Sternberg who has been called the "first U.S. bacteriologist". Walter Reed died in Washington, D.C., of peritonitis caused by a ruptured appendix at age 51. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 1912, he posthumously received what came to be known as the Walter Reed Medal in recognition of his work to combat yellow fever. A tropical medicine course is also named after him, Walter Reed Tropical Medicine Course. In 1940, the U.S. Post Office issued a stamp bearing his likeness in his honor. In addition to the medal, course and stamp, many locations and institutions are named after him, most famously Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH) in Washington, D.C.. https://store.earthstation1.com/american-diary-complete-us-historytv-series-2-dual-layer-dvd2.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Old Time Radio World War II MP3 MegaSet DVD, Audio Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1894: #BOTD: #HBD! J. B. Priestley, English novelist, playwright, scriptwriter, social commentator, and broadcaster (d. August 14, 1984) is #born John Boynton Priestley at 34 Mannheim Road, Manningham, which he described as an "extremely respectable" suburb in Manningham, Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. J. B. Priestley OM (Order Of Merit) reflected his Yorkshire background in much of his fiction, notably in The Good Companions (1929), which first brought him to wide public notice. Many of his plays are structured around a time slip, and he went on to develop a new theory of time, with different dimensions that link past, present, and future. In 1940, he was a regular broadcaster on the BBC. He broadcast The Postscript, a series of short propaganda radio talks on Sunday nights through 1940 and again in 1941, He drew peak audiences of 16 million; only Churchill was more popular with listeners. They were credited with strengthening civilian morale during the Dunkirk Evacuation and the Battle Of Britain. Graham Greene wrote that Priestley "became in the months after Dunkirk a leader second only in importance to Mr. Churchill. And he gave us what our other leaders have always failed to give us - an ideology." But his talks were cancelled; it was thought that this was the effect of complaints from Churchill that they were too left-wing; however, in 2015 Priestley's son said in a talk on the latest book being published about his father's life that it was in fact Churchill's Cabinet that brought about the cancellation by supplying negative reports on the broadcasts to Churchill. In the following years, his left-wing beliefs continued to bring him into conflict with the government, but it also helped to influenced the development of the post-war welfare state. J. B. Priestley died of pneumonia in Alveston, Warwickshire, England, a month short of his ninetieth birthday. His ashes were buried in Hubberholme churchyard at the head of Wharfedale in Yorkshire. The exact location of his ashes has never been made public and was known only to the three people present. A plaque in the church just states that his ashes are buried 'nearby'. Three photographs exist showing the ashes being interred, taken by Dr Brian Hoyle Thompson. He and his wife were two of the three people present. The brass plate on the box containing the ashes reads J. B. Priestley and can be seen clearly in one of the pictures. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-old-time-radio-world-war-ii-megaset-2-dual-layer-mp3-dv23.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The French Revolution Series + Irish Rebellion & You Are There MP4 DVD
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1791: The Age Of Enlightenment (The Enlightenment, The Age Of Reason): The Age Of Revolution: The Atlantic Revolutions: The French Revolution: The French Constitution Of 1791 (French: Constitution Francaise Du 3 Septembre 1791): -- The basic precepts of the French Revolution -- the adoption of constitutionality (the rule of law in accordance with a written national constitution) and the establisment of popular sovereignty (the rule of the people through a government created and maintained by the people through officials elected by the people) - is first achieved with the short-lived French Constitution Of 1791, the first written constitution in the history of France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of The Ancien Regime (French" "Old Regime", the political and social system of the Kingdom of France), is reluctantly accepted by King Louis XVI after very long negotiations. Created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy, The French Constitution Of 1791 redefined the organization of the French government, citizenship and the limits to the powers of government, and in so doing, the National Assembly set out to represent the interests of the general will. It abolished many "institutions which were injurious to liberty and equality of rights". The National Assembly asserted its legal presence in French government by establishing its permanence in the Constitution and forming a system for recurring elections. The Assembly's belief in a sovereign nation and in equal representation can be seen in the constitutional separation of powers. The National Assembly was the legislative body, the king and royal ministers made up the executive branch and the judiciary was independent of the other two branches. On a local level, the previous feudal geographic divisions were formally abolished, and the territory of the French state was divided into several administrative units, Departments (Departements), but with the principle of centralism. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-french-revolution-dvd-3-part-tv-documentary-serie3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 509 BC: Rome: Ancient Rome: Religion In Ancient Rome: Temples: Temples Of Rome: Temples Of Ancient Rome: Temple Dedications: Temples Of The Capitoline Hill: The Temple Of Jupiter Optimus Maximus (The Temple Of Jupiter Capitolinus) (Latin: Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini; Italian: Tempio Di Giove Ottimo Massimo; " The Temple Of Jupiter The Best And Greatest'): -- The first Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September. The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, also known as the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Latin: Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini; Italian: Tempio di Giove Ottimo Massimo; English: "Temple of Jupiter, the Best and Greatest") was the most important temple in Ancient Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill. It was surrounded by the Area Capitolina, a precinct where numerous shrines, altars, statues and victory trophies were displayed. The first building was the oldest large temple in Rome, and, like many temples in central Italy, shared features with Etruscan architecture. It was traditionally dedicated in 509 BC, and in 83 BC was destroyed by fire, and a replacement in Greek style completed in 69 BC (there were to be two more fires and new buildings). For the first temple sources report Etruscan specialists being brought in for various aspects of the building, including making and painting the extensive terracotta elements of the Temple of Zeus or upper parts, such as antefixes. But for the second building they were summoned from Greece, and the building was presumably essentially Greek in style, though like other Roman temples it retained many elements of Etruscan form. The two further buildings were evidently of contemporary Roman style, although of exceptional size. The first version is the largest Etruscan-style temple recorded, and much larger than other Roman temples for centuries after. However, its size remains heavily disputed by specialists; based on an ancient visitor it has been claimed to have been almost 60 m (200 ft), not far short of the largest Greek temples. Whatever its size, its influence on other early Roman temples was significant and long-lasting. Reconstructions usually show very wide eaves, and a wide colonnade stretching down the sides, though not round the back wall as it would have done in a typical Greek temple. A crude image on a coin of 78 BC shows only four columns, and a very busy roofline. With two further fires, the third temple only lasted five years, to 80 AD, but the fourth survived until the fall of the empire. Remains of the last temple survived to be pillaged for spolia in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, but now only elements of the foundations and podium or base survive; as the subsequent temples apparently reused these, they may partly date to the first building. Much about the various buildings remains uncertain. https://store.earthstation1.com/story-of-civilization-will-amp-ariel-durant-mp3-dvd-11-audiobo311.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Michelangelo Documentaries DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1501: Aesthetics: Art: Art History: The Visual Arts: Sculpture: Renaissance: Renaissance Sculpture: The High Renaissance: High Renaissance Sculpture: Italian Renaissance: Italian Renaissance Sculpture: Michelangelo: The Sculptures Of Michelangelo: Masterpieces: Michelangelo's David: -- Michelangelo begins work on his statue of David, a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture created in marble, which he completed in 1504. David is a 5.17-metre (17.0 ft) marble statue of the Biblical figure David, a favoured subject in the art of Florence. David was originally commissioned as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral, but was instead placed in a public square, outside the Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of civic government in Florence, in the Piazza Della Signoria, where it was unveiled on September 8, 1504. The statue was moved to the Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence, in 1873, and later replaced at the original location by a replica. Because of the nature of the figure it represented, the statue soon came to symbolize the defence of civil liberties embodied in the Republic of Florence, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family. The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were fixated towards Rome. https://store.earthstation1.com/michelangelo-documentaries-dvd-mp4-video-download-usb-driv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Betty Boop: Boop-Oop-A-Doop With Steve Allen DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1908: #BOTD: #HBD! Mae Questel, American actress and vocal artist, best known for providing the voices for the animated characters Betty Boop and Olive Oyl (d. January 4, 1998) is #born Mae Kwestel in the Bronx, New York City into the Orthodox Jewish family of Simon and Freida (nee Glauberman) Kwestel, She attended Morris High School and studied acting at the American Theatre Wing and with the Theatre Guild. Although she wanted to be an entertainer, her parents actively discouraged her from doing so, at one point forcing her to leave the Theatre Guild school. Nevertheless, at the age of 17, Questel won a talent contest held at the RKO Fordham Theatre in the Bronx by imitating actress and singer Helen Kane. She was signed by an agent and began performing in vaudeville as an impersonator. Billed as "Mae Questel - Personality Singer of Personality Songs", she did impressions of Fanny Brice, Marlene Dietrich, Eddie Cantor, Mae West, Maurice Chevalier and others, as well as doing animal imitations. She was seen by animator Max Fleischer, who was looking for an actress to provide the voice for his Betty Boop character. Questel's "Boop-boop-a-doop" routine, done in a style similar to the version Helen Kane created, while at the same time evoking something of the naughty allure of film star Clara Bow, was exactly what Fleischer wanted, and he hired Questel in 1931. She began as one of a number of actresses providing the character's voice, but soon took over the role exclusively. From 1931 until 1939, Questel provided the voice of Betty Boop in more than 50 animated shorts, the longest run for any actress doing that voice. During the 1930s, she released a recording of "On the Good Ship Lollipop" which sold more than two million copies. In 1988, she reprised her role as Betty Boop in a cameo appearance in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, which was Questel's most extensive work for Disney; she had provided brief additional voices for some of Disney's earlier films. Along with her voice work, and occasional on-camera appearance in Paramount shorts, Questel also attended Columbia University, where she studied drama. Beginning in 1933, Questel provided the voice for Olive Oyl in the Max Fleischer Popeye cartoons. She made her debut with "I Eats Me Spinach" and essentially became the permanent voice until her hiatus to start a family in 1938. She reportedly based Olive's nasal vocal quality and expression, "Oh, dear!" on the character actress ZaSu Pitts. When Hanna-Barbera began making the All New Popeye cartoons for television in 1978, Questel auditioned for the role of Olive Oyl but lost out to Marilyn Schreffler. In addition to her signature voices of Olive Oyl and Betty Boop, Questel also provided the voice of Little Audrey. In 1958, she voiced Wendy the Good Little Witch in the theatrical Casper cartoon short Which is Witch. In the 1950s, she was the voice for the title character of the pioneering interactive Saturday-morning cartoon series Winky Dink and You. She provided the voice of Casper, the Friendly Ghost in Golden Records' Casper the Friendly Ghost and Little Audrey Says in 1962. In The Flintstones series she voiced characters from the spin-offs The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show, The Flintstone Comedy Hour and the Flintstone Frolics. She voiced Wiggy Rockstone after the original voice actress, Gay Autterson, left the role in 1982. She continued to provide the voices of Betty Boop and Olive Oyl in commercials, television specials and elsewhere for the rest of her life. In 1988, she reprised her role as Betty Boop in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. In 1935, Mae Questel played the voice of the Woman in the Shoe in the Max Fleischer cartoon, The Kids in the Shoe. Questel played a number of small parts, including appearing with Rudy Vallee as Betty Boop in the 1931 short Musical Justice (1931) and as a nurse in The Musical Doctor in 1932. In 1962, she played a Jewish mother in an episode of crime drama Naked City. In 1961, she was seen as a middle-aged bride in Jerry Lewis' It's Only Money, one of Fanny Brice's mother's card-playing friends at the start of the film Funny Girl in 1968, and as the "Jewish Mama from Hell" in New York Stories in 1989 in Woody Allen's segment titled "Oedipus Wrecks"; she had earlier sung the song "Chameleon Days" on the soundtrack for Allen's film Zelig in 1983. Her last non-voice appearance was as the elderly Aunt Bethany in 1989's National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. In 1973, Questel had a role in the short-lived ABC television sitcom The Corner Bar, but she achieved perhaps her greatest visibility in television commercials, notably playing "Aunt Bluebell" in ads for Scott Towels from 1971 to 1979, and appeared in spots for Playtex, Folger's Coffee and others. She also appeared on panel shows and in daytime soap operas. Questel appeared on Broadway four times: Doctor Social (1948) with Dean Jagger; Leonard Spigelgass' A Majority of One (1959) with Cedric Hardwicke and Barnard Hughes - she reprised her role (as "Essie Rubin") in the film adaptation; Enter Laughing (1963) based on the novel by Carl Reiner, with Alan Arkin, Alan Mowbray, Sylvia Sidney and Michael J. Pollard; and Bajour (1964), the Walter Marks musical, starring Herschel Bernardi, Nancy Dussault and Chita Rivera. Questel married Leo Balkin on December 22, 1930, and they were divorced prior to 1950. She married Jack E. Shelby on November 19, 1970; they remained married until his death. She had two sons, Robert Balkin and Richard Balkin. Questel was a Democrat who supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election. Questel died in her Manhattan apartment from complications related to Alzheimer's disease at the age of 89. She is buried in New Montefiore Cemetery in West Babylon, New York. https://store.earthstation1.com/betty-boop-boopoopadoop-dvd-steve-allen-documentary.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Old Time Radio Drama MP3 MegaSet DVD, Audio Download, USB Stick
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1903: #BOTD: #HBD! Claudette Colbert, French-American stage, film and radio actress, and beauty (d. July 30, 1996) is #born Emilie Claudette Chauchoin in Saint-Mande, France. Colbert began her career in Broadway productions during the late 1920s and progressed to motion pictures with the advent of talking pictures. Initially associated with Paramount Pictures, she gradually shifted to working as a freelance actress. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress in It Happened One Night (1934), and received two other Academy Award nominations. Other notable films include Cleopatra (1934) and The Palm Beach Story (1942). With her round face, big eyes, charming, aristocratic manner, and flair for light comedy, as well as emotional drama, Colbert was known for a versatility that led to her becoming one of the industry's best-paid stars of the 1930s and 1940s and, in 1938 and 1942, the highest-paid star. During her career, Colbert starred in more than 60 movies. Among her frequent co-stars were Fred MacMurray in seven films (1935-49), and Fredric March in four films (1930-33). By the early 1950s, Colbert had basically retired from the screen in favor of television and stage work, and she earned a Tony Award nomination for The Marriage-Go-Round in 1959. Her career tapered off during the early 1960s, but in the late 1970s she experienced a career resurgence in theater, earning a Sarah Siddons Award for her Chicago theater work in 1980. For her television work in The Two Mrs. Grenvilles (1987), she won a Golden Globe Award and received an Emmy Award nomination. The American Film Institute voted Colbert the 12th-greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema. Claudette Colbert died after sustaining a series of small strokes during the last three years of her life in Speightstown, Barbados, where she had employed a housekeeper and two cooks, aged 92. Her remains were transported to New York City for cremation and funeral services. A requiem mass was later held at Church of St. Vincent Ferrer in Manhattan. Her ashes are laid to rest in the Godings Bay Church Cemetery, Speightstown, Saint Peter, Barbados, alongside her mother and second husband. Colbert never had children. She left most of her estate, estimated at 3.5M USD and including her Manhattan apartment and Bellerive, to a long-time friend, Helen O'Hagan, a retired director of corporate relations at Saks Fifth Avenue. Colbert met O'Hagan in 1961 on the set of Parrish, her last film. While carving out a career at Saks, Ms. O'Hagan was the best friend and companion of the actress Claudette Colbert, after Ms. Colbert's second husband died in 1968. Though Ms. Colbert was nearly 30 years older, the pair traveled together, entertained together at Ms. Colbert's Barbados estate and shared an apartment at 945 Fifth Avenue. After Pressman's death, Colbert instructed her friends to treat O'Hagan as they had Pressman, "as her spouse". Although O'Hagan was financially comfortable without the generous bequest, Bellerive was sold for over 2M USD to David Geffen. According to O'Hagan's niece Helaine Christy, their relationship was not a romance. "Helen was definite about that," she said. "But they loved each other and made each other laugh. Helen was like the daughter Claudette never had." Colbert's will also left 150K USD to her niece Coco Lewis; a trust of over 100K USD to UCLA, in Pressman's memory; and 75K USD to Marie Corbin, her Bajan housekeeper. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-old-time-radio-drama-mp3-dvd-megase3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Color Adjustment 40 Years Of Black America On Broadcast TV DVD MP4 USB
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1948: #BOTD: #HBD! Nell Carter, African American singer and actress (d. January 23, 2003) is #born Nell Ruth Hardy in Birmingham, Alabama, one of nine children born to Edna Mae and Horace Hardy. She was born into a Roman Catholic family and raised Presbyterian. Carter self-identified as Pentecostal. Carter began her career in 1970, singing in the theater, and later crossed over to television. She was best known for her role as Nell Harper on the sitcom Gimme a Break! which originally aired from 1981 to 1987. Carter received two Emmy and two Golden Globe award nominations for her work on the series. Prior to Gimme a Break!, Carter won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical in 1978 for her performance in the Broadway musical Ain't Misbehavin' as well as a Primetime Emmy Award for her reprisal of the role on television in 1982. Nell Carter died aged 54 after she collapsed at her home in Beverly Hills, California; her son Joshua discovered her body that night. Per a provision in Carter's will, no autopsy was performed. Using blood tests, X-rays, and a cursory physical examination, the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office ruled that Carter's death was the likely result of "probable arteriosclerotic heart disease, with diabetes a contributing condition". Carter was survived by her partner Ann Kaser, who inherited her property and custody of her two sons. She is buried at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. https://store.earthstation1.com/color-adjustment-40-years-of-black-americans-on-tv-dvd-download-u40.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Classic Baby Boomer Bloopers Video Collection DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026

September 13, 1931: #BOTD: #HBD! Barbara Bain, American actress and beauty, best known for her role as Cinnamon Carter Crawford on the action television series Mission: Impossible (1966-1969), which earned her three Primetime Emmy Awards, as well as a Golden Globe Award nomination, and as Dr. Helena Russell on the British-Italian coproduction science-fiction television series Space: 1999 (1975-1977), is #born Mildred Fogel in Chicago, Illinois into a Russian-Jewish immigrants family. Bain has also appeared in the films Animals with the Tollkeeper (1998), Panic (2000), Forget Me Not (2009) and On the Rocks (2020). Bain married actor Martin Landau in 1957, who was her costar in both Mission: Impossible and Space: 1999; they divorced in 1993. They have two daughters, film producer Susan Landau Finch and actress Juliet Landau. Bain suffers from claustrophobia, which the writers of Mission: Impossible incorporated into her character on the show in the episode "The Exchange". https://store.earthstation1.com/classic-baby-boomer-bloopers-tv-amp-movie-blooper-outtakes-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The American Adventure: TV History Series 1607-1876 DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 1787: The United States: The History Of The United States: The Constitution Of The United States: The Constitutional Convention (The Philadelphia Convention, The Federal Convention, The Grand Convention At Philadelphia) (May 25 - September 17, 1787): Elections: Elections In The United States: The 1788-89 United States Presidential Election: -- Under the new Constitution ratified earlier that year, The Constitutional Convention sets the dates for the first presidential election in the United States for Monday, December 15, 1788, to Wednesday, January 7, 1789. The Constitutional Convention was intended to revise the Articles Of Confederation -- however, many of its proponents from the outset had the intention of creating a new government rather than fix the existing one, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. The result was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The 1788-89 United States presidential election was the first quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Wednesday, January 7, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified that same year. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history. Under the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet. The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote. The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed. No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the vice-presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices. All 69 electors present cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-american-adventure-series-us-1st-century-4-dv14.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: D-Day - The Normandy Landings MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 1887: #BOTD: #HBD! Theodore Roosevelt Jr., also known as Theodore Roosevelt III, nicknamed "Ted", American Brigadier General and war hero, Medal Of Honor recipient, politician and businessmen, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of Puerto Rico (1929-32), Governor-General of the Philippines (1932-33), Chairman of the Board of American Express Company, Vice-President at Doubleday Books, instrumental in the forming of the American Legion in 1919 following his valiant service in the United States Army during World War I (d. July 12, 1944) is #born Theodore Roosevelt III at his father's Sagamore Hill family estate in Cove Neck, Oyster Bay, New York, when his father was just starting his political career, the eldest son of Theodore Roosevelt and Edith Kermit Carow. Having gained pre-World War I army experience during his attendance at a Citizens' Military Training Camp, at the start of the war he received a reserve commission as a major. He served primarily with the 1st Division, took part in several engagements including the Battle of Cantigny, and commanded the 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry as a lieutenant colonel. Roosevelt remained active as an Army reservist, attending annual training periods at Pine Camp, and completing the Infantry Officer Basic and Advanced Courses, the Command and General Staff College, and refresher training for senior officers. He returned to active duty for World War II with the rank of colonel, and commanded the 26th Infantry. He soon received promotion to brigadier general as assistant division commander of the 1st Infantry Division. After serving in the Operation Torch landings in North Africa and the Tunisia Campaign, followed by participation in the Allied invasion of Sicily, Roosevelt was assigned as assistant division commander of the 4th Infantry Division. It was in this role that he led the first wave of troops ashore at Utah Beach during the Normandy landings in June 1944. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. died aged fifty-six of a heart attack in Meautis, 22 km from Sainte-Mere-Eglise in Normandy, France, a little over one month after he led the first wave of troops at Utah Beach as a Brigadier General during the Normandy landings in 1944, earning the Medal Of Honor for his command. He was living at the time in a converted sleeping truck, captured a few days before from the Germans. He had spent part of the day in a long conversation with his son, Captain Quentin Roosevelt II, who had also landed at Normandy on D-Day. He was stricken at about 10:00 PM, attended by medical help, and died at about midnight. On the day of his death, he had been selected by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, now commanding the U.S. First Army, for promotion to the two-star rank of major general and orders had been cut placing him in command of the 90th Infantry Division. These recommendations were sent to General Eisenhower, now the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, for approval; however, when Eisenhower called Bradley the next morning to approve them, he was told that Roosevelt had died during the night. At the time of his death, he had been recommended for the Distinguished Service Cross to recognize his heroism at Normandy. The recommendation was subsequently upgraded, and Roosevelt was a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor. He is buried at Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-Sur-Mer, Departement du Calvados, Basse-Normandie, France. https://store.earthstation1.com/dday--the-normandy-landings-mp4-video-download-dv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Colosseum: Rome's Flavian Amphitheatre Coliseum DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 81: #DOTD: Roman Emperor Titus, best known as a soldier as the victor of The Siege Of Jersusalem, and as Emperor for completing The Colosseum (also known as The Coliseum) (b. December 30, 30) #dies of a fever, after barely two years in office, reportedly in the same Rome farmhouse as his father, aged 41. Allegedly, the last words he uttered before passing away were "I have made but one mistake". He was deified by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian. He was buried in the Mausoleum Of Augustus in Rome, but his body was later moved to The Temple Of The Gens Flavia (The Temple Of The Flavian Family) located on Quirinal Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome, dedicated by Domitian at the end of the 1st century to other members of the Flavian dynasty. In A.D. 96 the temple was struck by lightning. It was likely expanded under Emperor Claudius Gothicus ca. A.D. 268-270. A series of fragmentary sculptures executed in Pentelic marble have been associated with the now lost temple. These fragments were dispersed through the art market, with some fragments remaining in Italy while others ended up in the United States. Titus was born Titus Caesar Vespasianus in Rome. Titus became the Roman Emperor upon the death of his father, Vespasian, and ruled from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death. Before becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a military commander, serving under his father in Judea during the First Jewish-Roman War. The campaign came to a brief halt with the death of emperor Nero in 68, launching Vespasian's bid for the imperial power during the Year of the Four Emperors. When Vespasian was declared Emperor on 1 July 69, Titus was left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion. In 70, he besieged and captured Jerusalem, and destroyed the city and the Second Temple. For this achievement Titus was awarded a triumph; the Arch of Titus commemorates his victory to this day. During his father's rule, Titus gained notoriety in Rome serving as prefect of the Praetorian Guard, and for carrying on a controversial relationship with the Jewish queen Berenice. Despite concerns over his character, Titus ruled to great acclaim following the death of Vespasian in 79, and was considered a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians. As emperor, Titus is best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 and a fire in Rome in 80. After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on September 13, 81. He was deified by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-colosseum-rome39s-flavian-amphitheatre-coliseum-dvd-mp4-usb-dr394.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 81: Rome: Ancient Rome: The Roman Empire: Royal Accessions: Successions To The Throne Of The Roman Empire: -- Domitian (Latin: Domitianus), Roman emperor from 81 to 96 (October 24, 51 - September 18, 96), succeeds his elder brother Titus as Emperor Of Rome. Born in Rome as the son of Vespasian, who was also an Emperor Of Rome, and Flavia Domitilla Major, he was the last member of the Flavian dynasty. Described as "a ruthless but efficient autocrat", his authoritarian style of ruling put him at sharp odds with the Senate, whose powers he drastically curtailed. Domitian had a minor and largely ceremonial role during the reigns of his father and brother. After the death of his brother, Domitian was declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard. His 15-year reign was the longest since Tiberius. As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage, expanded the border defenses of the empire, and initiated a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome. Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Caledonia (Scotland), and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to achieve a decisive victory against King Decebalus. Domitian's government exhibited strong authoritarian characteristics. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality, and by nominating himself as perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and the army, but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate. Domitian was assassinated in Rome at the age of 44 in a conspiracy by court officials, a highly detailed account of which is provided by Suetonius. The act itself was carried out by a freedman of Parthenius named Maximus, and a steward of Domitian's niece Flavia Domitilla, named Stephanus. According to Suetonius, a number of omens had foretold Domitian's death. The Germanic soothsayer Larginus Proclus predicted the correct date of Domitian's death, and was consequently sentenced to death by him. Several days prior to the assassination, Minerva had appeared to the emperor in a dream, and announced that she had been disarmed by Jupiter and could no longer give Domitian her protection. According to an auspice he had received, the Emperor believed that his death would be at midday. As a result, he was always restless around that time. As had been foretold, his death came at midday. He was unceremoniously cremated by his nurse Phyllis. Later, she took the emperor's ashes to the Flavian Temple and mingled them with those of his niece, Julia. He was succeeded the same day by his advisor Nerva. After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Senate, while senatorial and equestrian authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger, and Suetonius propagated the view of Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant. Modern revisionists instead have characterized Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat whose cultural, economic, and political programs provided the foundation of the peaceful second century. https://store.earthstation1.com/story-of-civilization-will-amp-ariel-durant-mp3-dvd-11-audiobo311.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 1592: #DOTD: #RIP: Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne, commonly known as just Michel de Montaigne, one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularising the essay as a literary genre and whose work is noted for its merging of casual anecdotes and autobiography with intellectual insight and has had a direct influence on numerous writers of Western literature, whith his "Essais" containing some of the most influential essays ever written (b. February 28, 1533) #dies at the age of 59 at the Chateau de Montaigne from a peritonsillar abscess (PTA), also known as a quinsy, an accumulation of pus due to an infection behind the tonsil. In his case, the disease "brought about paralysis of the tongue", especially difficult for a person who once said that "the most fruitful and natural play of the mind is conversation. I find it sweeter than any other action in life; and if I were forced to choose, I think I would rather lose my sight than my hearing and voice." Remaining in possession of all his other faculties, he requested a Mass, and he died during the celebration of that Mass. Montaigne was buried near the chateau. His remains were later moved to the church of Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. This church no longer exists - it became the Convent des Feuillants, which has since disappeared as well. Michel de Montaigne was born Michel Eyquem in the Guyenne (Aquitaine) region of France on the family estate Chateau de Montaigne in a town now called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, near Bordeaux into a very wealthy family. During his lifetime, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper style, rather than as an innovation; moreover, his declaration that "I am myself the matter of my book" was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognised as embodying the spirit of critical thought and open inquiry that began to emerge around that time. He is best known for his sceptical remark, "Que scay-je ?" ("What do I know?", in Middle French; "Que sais-je ?" in modern French). National Essay Day takes place on his February 28 birthday as the author of the first-ever writings called 'essays.' This day encourages students to unleash their inner writers and compose essays on different topics. This lets them explore idea generation and writing freely and without stern academic guidelines and restrictions. An essay is usually a piece of writing used to put forth the author's argument on a specific topic. Essays, which are often classified as formal or informal, can be written on a wide range of themes for a variety of objectives. From the beginning of time until now, essays have been and will be of important literary value. One of the most prominent players in the history of essays is Michel de Montaigne. He is regarded as one of the most important philosophers of the French Renaissance, and he is credited with popularizing the essay as a literary genre. Among many others, De Montaigne impacted the works of Francis Bacon, Voltaire, Virginia Woolf, Sigmund Freud, Edward Darwin, and even William Shakespeare. De Montaigne published a large collection of short, subjective essays on different topics which were called 'Essais'. This was inspired by his study of the classics and intended to describe humans and himself with utter frankness. These writings are divided into three books and cover 107 chapters of varying lengths. Aside from their intriguing and compelling subject, these pieces became well-known for their style. A decade after De Montaigne's essays were published, Francis Bacon released his Essay collections, which are thought to be directly influenced by De Montaigne's. As a ripple effect, essays grew in popularity and usage as time went by and are still a very common part of the written language. Essays allow us to explore and communicate our thoughts, arguments, and findings in a structured yet freeway that enables our minds to take the wheel. Essay writing is a great skill to have and practicing from a young age is supremely beneficial in not just a creative writing aspect but also in terms of letting your thoughts and ideas flow. National Essay Day is celebrated every year to encourage this incredible practice. https://store.earthstation1.com/story-of-civilization-will-amp-ariel-durant-mp3-dvd-11-audiobo311.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Armada: Spanish Armada TV Series + Bonus MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 1598: #DOTD: #RIP: King Philip II Of Spain, known as "The Prudent" (El Prudente), King Of Spain (1556-98), King Of Portugal (1581-98, as Philip I, Filipe I), King Of Naples And Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King Of England And Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554-58), and Duke Of Milan (b. May 21, 1527) #dies of cancer at the age of 71 in El Escorial, near Madrid. He is buried at the Royal Site Of San Lorenzo De El Escorial, popularly known as El Escorial, a historical residence of the king of Spain located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Province of Madrid, 45 kilometres (28 miles) northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King Philip II, El Escorial is the largest Renaissance building in the world, and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school, and hospital. Philip was succeeded by his 20-year-old son, Philip III. King Philip II was born Felipe Habsburg II to Emperor Charles V, who was also king of Castile and Aragon, and Isabella of Portugal, in Valladolid, the capital of The Crown Of Castile, at The Palacio De Pimentel, which was owned by Don Bernardino Pimentel. From 1555, Philip was lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. On January 16, 1556, Philip II became becomes King Of Spain and the Spanish Empire in the Americas upon the abdication of his father, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who himself remained as Holy Roman Emperor until his abdication to his brother Ferdinand the following August 27. His empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake the Philippines. During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. This is sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age. The expression, "the empire on which the sun never sets," was coined during Philip's time to reflect the extent of his dominion. During Philip's reign there were separate state bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This was partly the cause of the Declaration Of Independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. A devout Catholic, Philip is also known for organising a naval expedition against Protestant England in 1588, the Spanish Armada, which was unsuccessful, mostly due to storms and serious logistical problems. Philip was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive." The Ambassador went on to say "He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious.". ========= The Habsburg Dynasty was founded by Radbot of Klettgau (c. 985 - 1045), Graf (Count) of the county of Klettgau on the High Rhine in Swabia (modern Southwestern Germany). Radbot built Habsburg Castle, a medieval fortress located in what is now Habsburg, Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, near the Aar River. At the time of its construction, the location was part of the Duchy of Swabia. It is believed that he named the castle after a hawk (German: Habicht) seen sitting on its walls. Some historians and linguists believe the name may come from the Middle High German word hab/hap meaning ford, as it is located near a ford of the Aar River. Habsburg Castle is the original seat of the House of Habsburg, The name of "Habsburg" was not added to the noble title until Radbot's grandson, Otto II. He added "von Habsburg" to his title, thus beginning the House of Habsburg, which became the preeminent European dynasty for centuries, lasting from Radbot's reign until their extinction in the male line in 1740, and, as the Habsburg-Lorraines, from 1765 until the present day. As of 2025, members of the Habsburg family oversee the Austrian branch of the Order of the Golden Fleece, the Order of the Starry Cross and the Imperial and Royal Order of Saint George. The current head of the family is Karl von Habsburg (b. January 11, 1961), an Austrian politician and the head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The house also produced kings of Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Lombardy-Venetia and Galicia-Lodomeria, with their respective colonies; rulers of several principalities in the Low Countries and Italy; numerous Prince-Bishoprics in the Holy Roman Empire, and in the 19th century, emperors of Austria and of Austria-Hungary, as well as one emperor of Mexico. The family split several times into parallel branches, most consequentially in the mid-16th century between its Spanish and German-Austrian branches following the abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1556. Although they ruled distinct territories, the different branches nevertheless maintained close relations and frequently intermarried. https://store.earthstation1.com/armada-dvd-spanish-armada-tv-series-all-3-episode3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Frontiers Of Flight Aviation History TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 1906: Aviation: The History Of Aviation: Aviation In The Pioneer Era: Alberto Santos-Dumont: Maiden Flights: The Santos-Dumont 14-Bis (French: Quatorze-Bis; Portuguese: Quatorze-Bis; English: Fourteen-Again) (Oiseau De Proie [French, "Bird Of Prey"]): -- The first successful flight of a manned fixed-wing aircraft in Europe occurs when the Santos-Dumont 14-Bis makes a short shallow hop at the Aero-Club de France near Paris, France. The 14-Bis was a pioneer era canard biplane designed and built by Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont. The first free-flight trials of the 14-Bis took place at the Polo Ground in the Bois de Boulogne on August 21, 1906but were halted by damage to the newly fitted aluminium-bladed propeller, which replaced one with silk-covered wooden blades. After repairs another trial took place the following day; although the nosewheel left the ground, the aircraft had insufficient power to take off, and Santos-Dumont decided to replace the engine with a 37 kW (50 hp) Antoinette. Trials resumed on September 4 without great success, and on September 7, after the propeller was damaged, a new slightly larger one was fitted. On September 13, 1906 observers at the Aero-Club de France gathered to witness an attempt to make a prize-winning flight. The aircraft failed to take off during a first attempt, but during the second it lifted and flew between 4 and 7 metres (13 and 23 ft) at an altitude of about 70 cm (28 in). The aircraft then landed in a nose-up attitude, breaking the propeller and bringing an end to the day's experiments. This brief flight, the first manned fixed-wing powered flight to be publicly witnessed by a crowd, did not qualify for any prize, but earned Santos-Dumont an ovation from the crowd. https://store.earthstation1.com/frontiers-of-flight-aviation-history-tv-series-dvd-mp4-download-us4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Kennedy V Wallace: A Crisis Up Close DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 1998: #DOTD: #RIP: George Wallace, American sergeant, lawyer, and politician, 45th Governor of Alabama, U.S. Presidential candidate for four consecutive elections, the last third-party candidate to receive pledged electoral college votes from any state, remembered for his Southern neo-dixiecrat and pro-segregation "Jim Crow" positions during the mid-20th century period of the Civil Rights Movement, for declaring in his 1963 Inaugural Address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever", and standing in front of the entrance of the University of Alabama in an attempt to stop the enrollment of black students (b. August 25, 1919) #dies of septic shock from a bacterial infection in Jackson Hospital in Montgomery, Alabama, aged 79; he had respiratory problems in addition to complications from his gunshot spinal injury. He is buried at Greenwood Cemetery, Montgomery, Alabama. George Wallace was born George Corley Wallace Jr. in Clio, Alabama, to George Corley Wallace Sr. and Mozelle Smith. Since his parents disliked the designation "Junior", he was called "George C.", to distinguish him from his father, George Corley Sr., and paternal grandfather, the physician George Oscar Wallace, who was called "Doc Wallace". He eventually renounced segregationism but remained a social conservative. Wallace survived an assassination attempt in Laurel, Maryland in 1972, perpetrated by Arthur Bremer, but remained wheelchair-bound until his death in 1998. https://store.earthstation1.com/kennedy-v-wallace-a-crisis-up-close-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Television: A History Of Broadcast TV DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, September 13, 2026
September 13, 1981: The History Of Broadcasting: The History Of Television Broadcasting: The Emmy Awards (The Emmys): The 33rd Emmy Awards (The 33rd Primetime Emmy Awards): -- Isabel Sanford wins an Emmy award as best comedic actress for The Jeffersons, the second African American actress to win a Primetime Emmy Award after Gail Fisher, and was the only African American actress to win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series until Quinta Brunson won for Abbott Elementary in 2024. Isabel Sanford (August 29, 1917 - July 9, 2004), African American stage, film, and television actress and comedian, best known for her role as Louise "Weezy" Mills Jefferson on the CBS sitcoms All in the Family (1971-1975) and The Jeffersons (1975-1985) was born Eloise Gwendolyn Sanford in Harlem, New York City. For her contribution to the television industry, Isabel Sanford has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 7080 Hollywood Boulevard. Isabel Sanford died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center at the age of 86 of unspecified natural causes. She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles. The 33rd Primetime Emmy Awards were held on Sunday, September 13, 1981. The ceremony was broadcast on CBS. It was hosted by Shirley MacLaine and Edward Asner. For the third consecutive year, the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series went to Taxi. The top show on the drama side was Hill Street Blues which, in its first season, tied the record for most major nominations and wins by a non-miniseries. NBC's ratings juggernaut Shogun received eight major nominations, but only won one, for Outstanding Limited Series. https://store.earthstation1.com/television-1988-tv-documentary-series-8-shows-4-dual-laye198884.html